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FICTION3

1 Reading a Story3

Fable，Parable，and Tale4

THE APPOINTMENT IN SAMARRA&W.Somerset Maugham4

THE NORTH WIND AND THE SUN&Aesop5

THE CAMEL AND HIS FRIENDS&Bidpai6

INDEPENDENCE&Chuang TZU8

GODFATHER DEATH&Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm9

Plot11

The Short Story13

A＆P&John Updike14

WRITING EFFECTIVELY20

WRITERS ON WRITING20

WHY WRITE？&John Updike20

WRITING ABOUT PLOT20

Paying Attention to Plot20

CHECKLIST21

Analyzing Plot21

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON PLOT22

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING22

2 Point of View23

A ROSE FOR EMILY&William Faulkner28

TEENAGE WASTELAND&Anne Tyler35

SONNY’S BLUES&James Baldwin43

A WORN PATH&Eudora Welty64

WRITING EFFECTIVELY70

WRITERS ON WRITING70

RACE AND THE AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITER&James Baldwin70

WRITING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW71

How Point of View Shapes a Story71

CHECKLIST71

Understanding Point of View71

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON POINT OF VIEW72

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING72

3 Character73

THE JILTING OF GRANNY WEATHERALL&Katherine Anne Porter76

MISS BRILL&Katherine Mansfield83

THE RICH BROTHER&Tobias Wolff86

CATHEDRAL&Raymond Carver98

WRITING EFFECTIVELY109

WRITERS ON WRITING109

COMMONPLACE BUT PRECISE LANGUAGE&Raymond Carver109

WRITING ABOUT CHARACTER110

How Character Creates Action110

CHECKLIST110

Writing About Character110

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON CHARACTER110

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING111

4 Setting112

THE STORM&Kate Chopin115

TO BUILD A FIRE&Jack London119

GREASY LAKE&T.Coraghessan Boyle130

A PAIR OF TICKETS&Amy Tan137

WRITING EFFECTIVELY150

WRITERS ON WRITING150

SETTING THE VOICE&Amy Tan150

WRITING ABOUT SETTING151

The Importance of Setting151

CHECKLIST152

Analyzing Setting152

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON SETTING152

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING152

5 Tone and style153

A CLEAN，WELL-LIGHTED PLACE&Ernest Hemingway156

BARN BURNING&William Faulkner160

Irony172

THE GIFT OF THE MAGI&O.Henry174

SABOTEUR&Ha Jin178

WRITING EFFECTIVELY186

WRITERS ON WRITING186

THE DIRECT STYLE&Ernest Hemingway186

WRITING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE186

Be Style-Conscious186

CHECKLIST187

Thinking About Tone and Style187

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON TONE AND STYLE187

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING188

6 Theme189

THE OPEN BOAT&Stephen Crane191

HOW I MET MY HUSBAND&Alice Munro208

THE PARABLE OF THE PRODIGAL SON&Luke 15：11-32220

HARRISON BERGERON&Kurt Vonnegut，Jr.221

WRITING EFFECTIVELYWRITERS ON WRITING226

THE THEMES OF SCIENCE FICTION&Kurt Vonnegut，Jr.226

WRITING ABOUT THEME227

Stating the Theme227

CHECKLIST228

Determining a Story’s Theme228

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON THEME228

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING228

7 Symbol229

THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS&John Steinbeck231

THE LOTTERY&Shirley Jackson239

NO ONE’S A MYSTERY&Elizabeth Tallent245

THE ONES WHO WALK AWAY FROM OMELAS&Ursula K.Le Guin248

WRITING’ EFFECTIVELY253

WRITERS ON WRITING253

BIOGRAPHY OF A STORY&Shirley Jackson253

WRITING ABOUT SYMBOLS255

Recognizing Symbols255

CHECKLIST256

Thinking About SymbolS256

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON SYMBOLS256

AN ANALYSIS OF THE SYMBOLISM IN STEINBECK’S“THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS”&Student Paper256

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING259

8 Evaluating a Story260

A THOUSAND YEARS OF GOOD PRAYERS&Yiyun Li262

WRITING EFFECTIVELY271

WRITERS ON WRITING271

WHAT I COULD NOT WRITE ABOUT WAS WHY I WAS WRITING&Yiyun Li271

WRITING AN EVALUATION272

Judging a Story’s Value272

CHECKLIST273

Evaluating a Story273

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON EVALUATING A STORY273

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING274

9 Reading Long Stories and Novels275

THE DEATH OF IVAN ILYCH&Leo Tolstoy280

THE METAMORPHOSIS&Franz Kafka317

WRITING EFFECTIVELY348

WRITERS ON WRITING348

DISCUSSING THE METAMORPHOSIS&Franz Kafka348

WRITING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS349

Knowing What to Leave Out349

CHECKLIST349

Organizing Your Ideas for a Research Paper349

WRITING ASSIGNMENT FOR A RESEARCH PAPER349

KAFKA’S GREATNESS&Student Research Paper356

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING356

10 Critical Casebook：Flannery O’Connor357

A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND&Flannery O’Connor358

REVELATION&Flannery O’Connor368

PARKER’S BACK&Flannery O’Connor382

Flannery O’Connor ON Writing396

FROM “ON HER OWN WORK”396

ON HER CATHOLIC FAITH398

FROM “THE GROTESQUE IN SOUTHERN FICTION”399

YEARBOOK CARTOONS401

Critics ON Flannery O’Connor402

FLANNERY O’CONNOR AND HER READERS&Robert H.Brinkmeyer，Jr.402

A GOOD SOURCE IS NOT SO HARD TO FIND：THE REAL LIFE MISFIT&J.O.Tate404

DECONSTRUCTING “A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND”&Mary Jane Schenck407

THE MYSTERY OF DIVINE DIRECTION：“PARKER’S BACK”&Kathleen Feeley408

WRITING EFFECTIVELY410

WRITING ABOUT AN AUTHOR410

How One Story Illuminates Another410

CHECKLIST410

Reading an Author in Depth410

WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON AN AUTHOR411

MORE TOPICS FOR WRITING411

11 Critical Casebook：Three Stories in Depth412

Edgar Allan Poe412

THE TELL-TALE HEART413

Edgar Allan Poe ON Writing417

THE TALE AND ITS EFFECT417

ON IMAGINATION418

THE PHILOSOPHY OF COMPOSITION418

Critics ON “The Tell-Tale Heart”419

THE FATHER-FIGURE IN “THE TELL-TALE HEART”&Daniel Hoffman419

“THE TELL-TALE HEART” AS A LOVE STORY&Scott Peeples421

THE FIGURE OF THE DOUBLE IN POE&John Chua422

Charlotte Perkins Gilman424

THE YELLOW WALLPAPER424

Charlotte Perkins Gilman ON Writing435

WHY I WROTE “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”435

WHATEVER IS436

THE NERVOUS BREAKDOWN OF WOMEN437

Critics ON “The Yellow Wallpaper”438

GENDER AND PATHOLOGY IN “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”&Juliann Fleenor438

IMPRISONMENT AND ESCAPE：THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFINEMENT&Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar439

BIOGRAPHICAL ECHOES IN “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”&Elizabeth Ammons441

Alice Walker443

EVERYDAY USE443

Alice Walker ON Writing450

THE BLACK WOMAN WRITER IN AMERICA450

REFLECTIONS ON WRITING451

Critics ON “Everyday Use”453

“EVERYDAY USE” AND THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT&Barbara T.Christian453

STYLISH VS.SACRED IN “EVERYDAY USE”&Houston A.Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker455

QUILT AS METAPHOR IN “EVERYDAY USE”&Elaine Showalter459

WRITING EFFECTIVELY461

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON “THE TELL-TALE HEART”461

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”461

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON “EVERYDAY USE”461

12 Stories for Further Reading462

DEAD MEN’S PATH&Chinua Achebe462

THE PROPHECY&Anjana Appachana465

HAPPY ENDINGS&Margaret Atwood476

AN OCCURRENCE AT OWL CREEK BRIDGE&Ambrose Bierce479

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MARK&Jorge LuiS Borges485

PAUL’S CASE&Willa Cather489

THE FIVE-FORTY-EIGHT&John Cheever503

THE LADY WITH THE PET DOG&Anton Chekhov512

THE STORY OF AN HOUR&Kate Chopin523

THE HOUSE ON MANGO STREET&Sandra Cisneros525

BATTLE ROYAL&Ralph Ellison526

THE HANDSOMEST DROWNED MAN IN THE WORLD&Gabriel Garcia Marquez536

LOOK ON THE BRIGHT SIDE&Dagoberto Gilb540

YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN&Nathaniel Hawthorne548

SWEAT&zora Neale Hurston558

A FAMILY SUPPER&Kazuo IShiguro566

ARABY&James Joyce573

GIRL&Jamaica Kincaid578

INTERPRETER OF MALADIES&Jhumpa Lahiri579

THE ROCKING-HORSE WINNER&D.H.Lawrence593

SHILOH&Bobbie Ann Mason604

WHERE ARE YOU GOING，WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN？&Joyce Carol Oates613

THE THINGS THEY CARRIED&Tim O’Brien625

I STAND HERE IRONING&Tillie Olsen637

MY LIFE WITH THE WAVE&Octavio Paz642

THE MAN TO SEND RAIN CLOUDS&Leslie Marmon Silko646

THE MOTHS&Helena Maria viramontes649

WRITING657

13 writing About a Story657

Reading Actively657

Thinking About a Story659

Preparing to Write：Discovering ideas660

Sample Student Prewriting Exercises660

Writing a First Draft663

CHECKLIST664

Writing a Rough Draft664

Revising664

CHECKLIST666

Revision666

What’s Your Purpose？Some Common Approaches to Writing About Fiction666

EXPLICATION666

（EXPLICATION）&Sample Student Paper668

ANALYSIS671

（ANALYSIS）&Sample Student Paper672

THE CARD REPORT675

Sample Student Card Report676

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST678

（COMPARISON AND CONTRAST）&Sample Student Paper679

The Form of Your Finished Paper681

Topics for Writing682

14 Writing a Research Paper684

Getting Started684

Choosing a Topic685

Finding Research Sources685

FINDING PRINT RESOURCES685

USING ONLINE DATABASES686

FINDING RELIABLE WEB SOURCES686

CHECKLIST687

Finding Sources687

USING VISUAL IMAGES688

CHECKLIST689

Using Visual images689

Evaluating Sources689

EVALUATING PRINT RESOURCES689

EVALUATING WEB RESOURCES689

CHECKLIST690

Evaluating SOurces690

Organizing Your Research691

Refining Your Thesis693

Organizing Your Paper694

writing and Revising694

Guarding Academic integrity695

Acknowledging Sources695

QUOTING A SOURCE696

CITING IDEAS696

Documenting Sources Using MLA Style697

LIST OF SOURCES698

PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES698

WORKS CITED LIST698

CITING PRINT SOURCES IN MLA STYLE699

CITING INTERNET SOURCES IN MLA STYLE700

SAMPLE WORKS CITED LIST701

Concluding Thoughts702

Reference Guide for Citations703

15 Critical Approaches to Literature710

Formalist Criticism711

THE FORMALIST CRITIC&Cleanth Brooks711

LIGHT AND DARKNESS IN “SONNY’S BLUES”&Michael Clark712

Biographical Criticism713

CHEKHOV’S ATTITUDE TO ROMANTIC LOVE&Virginia Llewellyn Smith714

THE SOURCE FOR ALCEE LABALLIERE IN “THE STORM”&Emily Toth716

Historical Criticism717

THE ARGENTINE CONTEXT OF BORGES’S FANTASTIC FICTION&John King718

THE ECONOMICS OF ZORA NEALE HURSTON’S “SWEAT”&Kathryn Lee Seidel720

Psychological Criticism722

THE DESTINY OF OEDIPUS&Sigmund Freud723

FAIRY TALE MOTIFS IN “WHERE ARE YOU GOING，WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN？”&Gretchen Schulz and R.J.R.Rockwood724

Mythological Criticism725

THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS AND ARCHETYPES&Carl Jung726

MYTH IN FAULKNER’S “BARN BURNING”&Edmond Volpe727

Sociological Criticism729

CONTENT DETERMINES FORM&Georg Lukacs729

MONEY AND LABOR IN “THE ROCKING-HORSE WINNER”&Daniel P.Watkins730

Gender Criticism731

TOWARD A FEMINIST CRITICISM&Elaine Showalter732

TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE METAMORPHOSIS&Nina Pelikan Straus733

Reader-Response Criticism734

AN ESKIMO “A ROSE FOR EMILY”&Stanley Fish735

THE END OF YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN&Michael J.Colacurcio736

Deconstructionist Criticism737

THE DEATH OF THE AUTHOR&Roland Barthes738

RIGOROUS UNRELIABILITY&Barbara Johnson738

Cultural Studies739

POSTSTRUCTURALIST CULTURAL CRITIQUE&Vincent B.Leitch741

WHAT IS CULTURAL STUDIES？&Mark Bauerlein742