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PART 1 The Modern Systems Analyst2

CHAPTER 1 The World of the Modern Systems Analyst2

CONTENTS2

A Systems Analystat Rutherford Manufacturing3

The Analystas a Business Problem Solver4

Systems That Solve Busihess Problems6

Information Systems6

Types of Information Systems8

Required Skills of the Systems Analyst10

Technical Knowledgeand Skills10

Business Knowiedge and Skills11

People Knowledge and Skills11

The Environment Surrounding the Analyst12

Types of Technology Encountered12

A Few Words about Integrity and Ethics12

Typical Job Titles and Places of Employment13

The Analyst's Role in Strategic Planning14

Special Projects14

Strategic Planning Processes14

Information Systems Strategic Planning14

Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP)15

Strategic Systems Plan for Rocky Mountain Outfitters16

Overview of Rocky Mountain Outfitters16

Organization and Locations17

Information Systems Department Organization18

Existing Systems19

The Information Systems Strategic Plan20

Two Major New Systems21

The Analyst as a System Developer(The Heart of the Course)22

Part 1:The Modem Systems Analyst22

Part 2:Systems Analysis Tasks23

Part 3:System Design Tasks24

Part 4:System Implementation and Support24

Summary25

Key Terms25

Review Questions25

Thinking Critically26

Experiential Exercises26

Case Study27

Association for Information Technology Professionals Meeting27

Further Resources27

CHAPTER 2 The Analyst as a Project Manager28

BlueS Sky Family of Mutual Funds:Managing the IRA Project29

Systems Development Projects and the SDLC30

The Systems Development Life Cycle30

The First Four Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle31

Scheduling of Project Phases35

The Project Team36

Project Management38

Planning and Organizing39

Directing—Executing，Monitoring,and Controlling39

Project Initiation40

Project Initiation for Rocky Mountain Outfitters41

The Project Planning Phase41

Defining the Problem42

Confirming Project Peasibility45

Developing the Project Schedule52

Staffing the Project56

Launching the Project57

Summary57

Key Terms57

Thinking Critically58

Review Questions58

Experiential Exercises59

Case Study60

Custom Load Trucking60

Further Resources60

CHAPTER 3 Approaches to System Development62

Development Approaches at Ajax Corporation,Consolidated Concepts,and Pinnacle Manufacturing63

Methodologies,Models,Tools,and Techniques64

Methodologies64

Model……………………………………s64

Tools65

Techniques66

Three Approaches to System Development67

The Structured Approach67

The Information Engineering Approach72

The Object-Oriented Approach73

System Development Life Cycle Variations75

Variations of the Phases(Waterfall Models)76

Variations Based on Iteration77

Variations Based on an Emphasis on People78

Variations Based on Speed of Development79

Computer-Aided System Engineering(CASE)Tools80

Analysis and Design Phases in More Detail83

The Analysis Phase83

The Design Phase87

Summary90

Key Terms91

Review Questions91

Thinking Critically91

Case Study92

Factory System Development Project92

Experiential Exercises92

Further Resources93

PART 2 Systems Analysis Tasks96

CHAPTER 4 Investigating System Requirements96

Providing Customer Service—and Gasoline—at Convenience America97

Functional and Technical Requirements98

Stakeholders—the Source of System Requirements99

User Stakeholders100

Client Stakeholders101

Technical Stakeholders102

The Stakeholders for Rocky Mountain Outfitters102

Identifying System Requirements104

Distribute and Collect Questionnaires106

Review Existing Reports,Forms,and Procedure Descriptions107

Conduct Interviews and Discussions with Users108

Observe Business Processes and Workflows112

Building Prototypes113

Conduct Joint Application Design Sessions113

Structured Walkthroughs116

What and When117

Who117

How118

Business Process Reengineering119

Summary120

Key Terms121

Review Questions122

Thinking Critically122

Experiential Exercises122

Case Study123

John and Jacob,Inc.On-Line Trading System123

Further Resources124

CHAPTER 5 Modeling System Requirements:Events and Things126

Waiters on Wheels:Computerized Delivery Tracking127

Models and Modeling128

The Purpose of Models128

Types of Models130

Overview of Models used in Analysis and Design132

Events and System Requirements133

The Background of the Event Concept134

Types of Events135

Identifying Events136

Events in the Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case139

Looking at Each Event140

Things and System Requirements142

Types of Things143

Relationships among Things144

Attributes of Things145

Data Entities and Objects146

The Entity-Relationship Diagram147

Examples of ERD Notation147

The Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case ERD151

The Class Diagram153

More Complex Issues about Classes of Objects153

Examples of Class Diagram Notation154

The Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case Class Diagram157

Where You Are Headed158

Summary160

Key Terms161

Review Questions161

Thinking Critically162

Experiential Exercises163

The Spring Breaks 'R' Us Travel Service Booking System164

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System164

Case Studies164

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System165

Further Resources166

CHAPTER 6 The Traditional Approach to Requirements168

Performance Auto Electric:Following the Data Flow169

Traditional and Object-Oriented Views of Activities170

Data Flow Diagrams170

Data Flow Diagrams and Levels of Abstraction172

Context Diagrams173

DFD Fragments174

The Event-Partitioned System Model175

Decomposing Processes to See Detail of One Activity182

Physical and Logical DFDs184

Evaluating DFD Quality186

Process Descriptions190

Documenting DFD Components190

Data Flow Definitions195

Data Element Definitions196

Data Store Definitions197

DFD Summary197

Information Engineering Models198

The IE System Development Life Cycle198

IE and Structured Development Compared199

Process Decomposition and Dependency Models200

Considering Locations and Communication through Networks204

Workflow Modeling208

Summary211

Key Terms211

Review Questions212

Thinking Critically212

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service213

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System213

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System213

Case Studies213

Experiential Exercises213

Further Resources215

CHAPTER 7 The Object-Oriented Approach to Requirements216

Northwoods Kayaks:Identifying the Methods within the Objects217

The Unified Modeling Language and the Object Management Group218

Object-Oriented Requirements218

The Class Diagram220

The System Activities:An Object-Oriented Use Case/Scenario View221

Use Cases and Actors221

Scenarios221

The Use Case Diagram223

Object Interactions:Collaboration and Sequence Diagrams227

Sequence Diagrams228

Collaboration Diagrams236

Object Behavion States,State Transitions,and Statechart Diagrams238

Object States239

Object Transitions241

Messages,Transitions,and Actions243

Statechart Diagrams244

Concurrent Behavior247

Statechart Development250

Summary252

Key Terms253

Review Questions253

Thinking Critically254

Experiential Exercises256

Case Studies256

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System256

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System256

Further Resources257

The Down Town Videos Rental System257

CHAPTER 8 Environments,Alternatives,and Decisions258

Tropic Fish Tales:Netting the Right System259

Assessing the Target Processing Environment260

Centralized Systems261

Distributed Computing263

The Internet and Intranets266

Development and System Software Environments269

The Environment at Rocky Mountain Outfitters270

Deciding on Scope and Level of Automation273

Determining Scope273

Defining the Level of Automation275

Selecting Alternatives278

Generating Alternatives for Implementation282

Packaged and Turnkey Software Systems283

Facilities Management283

Custom Software Development284

In-House Development285

Choosing an Alternative for Implementation285

Identifying Criteria for Selection286

Making the Selection289

Considering Outsourced Solutions290

Genefating a Request for Proposal290

Benchmarking and Choosing a Vendor291

Presenting the Results and Making the Decisions292

Summary293

Key Terms293

Review Questions294

Thinking Critically294

Experiential Exercises295

Further Resources296

Tropic Fish Tales'RFPs296

Case Study296

PART 3 System Design Tasks298

CHAPTER 9 Moving to Design298

New Capital Bank:Object-Oriented Development of a Payroll System299

Understanding the Elements of Design300

Inputs:Moving from Analysis to Design300

Major Components and Levels of Design300

Output:Structrued Models and Object-Oriented Models303

Designing the Application Architecture:The Structured Approach305

The Automation System Boundary306

The System Flow Chart308

The Structure Chart311

Module Algorithm Design:Pseudocode323

Designing the Application Architecture:The Object-Oriented Approach325

Integration of the Structured Application Design with User-Interface Design,Database Design,and Network Design325

Object-Oriented Programs326

Object-Oriented Models329

Package Diagrams329

Design Class Diagrams331

Design Class Diagram Development335

Method Development and Pseudocode339

Inheritance,Overriding,and Polymorphism340

Integrating the Object-oriented Application Design with User Interface Design,Database Design,and Network Design340

Coordinating the Project341

Coordinating Project Teams342

Coordinating Information342

Summary344

Key Terms344

Review Questions344

Thinking Critically345

Experiential Exercises351

Case Studies351

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System(Structured)351

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service System351

The Real Estate Multiple Listing System（Object-Oriented）351

The Down Town Video Rental System351

Further Resources352

CHAPTER 10 Designing Databases354

Nationwide Books:Designing a New Database355

Databases and Database Management Systems356

Database Models357

Relational Databases358

Designing Relational Databases360

Representing Entities361

Representing Relationships363

Enforcing Referential Integrity365

Evaluating Schema Quality365

Object-Oriented Databases372

Designing Object Databases372

Representing Classes372

Representing Relationships373

Hybrid Object-Relational Database Design378

Classes and Attributes379

Relationships381

Data Types382

Relational DBMS Data Types383

Object DBMS Data Types383

Distributed Databases384

Distributed Database Architectures385

TheRMO Distributed Database Architecture390

Key Terms393

Summary393

Review Questions394

Thinking Critically395

Experiential Exercises395

Case Studies396

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System396

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System396

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service396

Further Resources396

CHAPTER 11 Designing Inputs,Outputs,and Controls398

Customized Cars Clearinghouse:Moving into Electronic Commerce399

Integrity Controls400

Objectives of Integrity Controls400

System Access Controls401

Input Integrity Controls404

Output Integrity Controls405

Design of System Inputs406

Identifying Devices and Mechanisms407

Developing the List of Inputs and Data Requirements of Each409

Designing and Prototyping Input Forms417

Design of System Outputs418

Determining the Type of Output419

Making a List of Specific Reports Based on the Application Design424

Designing and Prototyping Reports426

Summary427

Key Terms427

Review Questions428

Thinking Critically428

Experiential Exercises429

Case Study429

All-Shop Superstores429

Further Resources431

CHAPTER 12 Human-Computer Interaction432

Interface Design at Aviation Electronics433

The User Interface434

Physical Aspects of the User Interface434

Perceptual Aspects of the User Interface435

Conceptual Aspects of the User Interface435

User-Centered Design435

Human-Computer Interaction as a Field of Study436

Metaphors for Human-Computer Interaction438

Interface Design Guidelines444

Visibility and Affordance444

Eight Golden Rules444

Documenting Dialog Designs448

Events,Subsystems,and Menu Hierarchy448

Dialogs and Storyboards449

Dialog Documentation with UML Diagrams452

Guidelines for Designing Windows Forms455

Form Layout and Formatting456

Data Keying and Entry for Standard Windows458

Navigation and Support Controls459

Data Keying and Entry for the Browser Interface459

Help Support459

Dialog Design for Rocky Mountain Outfitters459

Dialog Design for Web Sites466

Summary468

Key Terms469

Review Questions469

Thinking Critically470

Experiential Exercises470

Case Studies471

The 21st Century University System471

The Waiters on Wheels System472

The Down Town Videos Rental System472

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System473

Another Alternative for Mountain Outfitters473

Further Resources473

PART 4 Implementation and Support476

CHAPTER 13 Rapid Application Development and Component Based Development476

CDs Direct 2U:Speeding Development of a Customer Support System477

Rapid Application Development478

Reasons for Slow Development478

What Is RAD?480

Rapid Development Approaches480

The Prototyping Approach to Development482

The Spiral Approach to Development487

Risk Management490

Rapid Development Techniques490

Joint Application Design494

Tool-Based Development495

Software Reuse497

Object Frameworks498

A Sample Object Framework498

Object Framework Types500

The Impact of Object Frameworks on Design and Implementation Tasks501

Pitfalls to Consider for Object Frameworks502

Components503

Component Standards and Infrastructure504

Components and the Development Life Cycle506

Summary509

Key Terms509

Review Questions510

Thinking Critically510

Case Study512

Experiential Exercises512

Further Resources515

CHAPTER 14 Packaged Software and Enterprise Resource Planning516

Pizza Amore:Revamping Systems to Manage More Information517

Packaged Software519

The Trend toward Packaged Software520

Implementation and Support of Packaged Software520

Enterprise Resource Planning523

What Is ERP?523

Why Consider ERP?526

Implementing ERP528

An ERP System Development Methodology531

Special Topics on ERP Development533

The Future of ERP536

What Is SAP?537

A Closer Look at One ERP Package:SAP R/3537

Implementing SAP R/3540

Using SAP R/3541

Summary544

Key Terms544

Review Questions545

Thinking Critically545

Experiential Exercises545

Rayco Products Corporation546

Case Study546

Further Resources547

CHAPTER 15 Making the System Operational(Implementation,Conversion and Support)548

Tri-State Heating Oil:Juggling Priorities to Begin Operation549

Program Development550

Order of Implementation551

Framework Development556

Team-Based Program Development556

Source Code Control558

Versioning559

Quality Assurance562

Technical Reviews563

Testing564

Installation570

Direct Installation571

Parallel Installation571

Phased Installation573

Personnel Issues574

Documentation575

System Documentation575

User Documentation577

Training and User Support579

Ongoing Training and User Support581

Submitting Change Requests and Error Reports582

Maintenance582

Implementing a Change584

Upgrading Computing Infrastructure585

Summary586

Key Terms586

Review Questions587

Thinking Critically587

Experiential Exercises588

Case Studies588

The Hudson Banc Billing System Upgrade588

The Down Town Videos Rental System589

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service System589

Further Resources589

APPENDICES591

APPENDIX A The Responsibilities of a Project Manager591

Providing Leadership and Vision591

Planning and Organizing the Project592

Organizing and Managing the Project Team593

Estimating Costs and Developing the Project Budget594

Monitoring and Controlling the Project Schedule595

Ensuring the Quality of the Final Result596

Key Terms597

Review Questions597

Application Questions597

APPENDIX B Calculating Net Present Value,Payback Period,and Return on Investment598

Net Present Value Calculations598

Payback Period Calculations600

Return on Investment601

Key Terms601

Review Questions602

Thinking Critically602

Building PERT/CPM Charts603

APPENDIX C Developing a Project Schedule with PERT/CPM Charts603

Creating the RMO Project Schedule with Microsoft Project610

Building Gantt Charts611

Key Terms612

Review Questions612

Thinking Critically612

APPENDIX D Presenting the Results to Management613

Preparing the Presentation614

The Opening614

The Agenda614

The Body614

The Closing615

Giving the Presentation615

Use of Visual Aids616

Questions and Answers617

INDEX619