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Chapter 1 Academic Writing1

1.1 What Is Academic Writing2

1.2 Different Categories of Academic Writing2

1.2.1 Academic Articles2

1.2.2 Academic Books2

1.2.3 Conference Papers3

1.2.4 Poster Papers3

1.3 Different Categories of Academic Articles4

1.3.1 Letters4

1.3.2 Research Notes4

1.3.3 Articles4

1.3.4 Supplemental Articles4

1.3.5 Review Articles4

1.3.6 Data Papers5

1.3.7 Video Papers5

1.4 Purposes of Academic Writing5

Chapter 2 The Process of Academic Writing7

2.1 Academic Writing as a Process8

2.2 Different Stages in the Process of Academic Writing9

2.2.1 Preparation for Writing9

2.2.2 Academic Writing Per Se11

2.2.3 Sending Papers to Conferences and Seminars12

2.2.4 Targeting a Journal13

2.2.5 Preparing Your Paper for Submission13

2.2.6 Reviewing Process13

2.2.7 Technicalities of Proofs and Copyright14

Chapter 3 Academic Reading and Academic Resources17

3.1 Significance of Academic Reading to Academic Writing18

3.2 Habits and Skills for Academic Reading18

3.2.1 Forming the Habit of Reading18

3.2.2 Reading Actively，Not Passively19

3.2.3 Developing a Critical Eye for Writing Style20

3.2.4 Taking Notes20

3.3 How to Find Academic Resources Online20

3.3.1 Skimming the Internet21

3.3.2 Looking Through Library Database of Your University21

Chapter 4 Structure and Style23

4.1 Typical Essay Structure24

4.1.1 Introduction25

4.1.2 Argument Paragraphs26

4.1.3 Conclusion27

4.2 Structure of Academic Writing28

4.3 Tips for Academic Writing28

4.3.1 Writing Objectively28

4.3.2 Writing Concisely29

4.3.3 First Person vsThird Person29

4.3.4 Inclusive Language32

Chapter 5 Title37

5.1 Functions of Titles38

5.1.1 Generalizing the Text38

5.1.2 Attracting the Reader38

5.1.3 Facilitating the Retrieval39

5.2 Types of Titles39

5.3 Linguistic Features of Titles41

5.3.1 Using an Incomplete Sentence41

5.3.2 Using More Nouns，Noun Phrases，and Gerunds41

5.4 Requirements of Writing Titles42

5.4.1 To Be Brief and Concise42

5.4.2 To Be Specific43

5.4.3 To Avoid Question Titles43

5.4.4 To Be Unified43

5.4.5 To Be Standard43

Chapter 6 Authors and Affiliations47

6.1 Functions of Authors and Affiliations48

6.1.1 Bearing Authors’ Responsibilities48

6.1.2 Facilitating Retrieval and Correspondence48

6.1.3 Heightening Celebrity48

6.2 Implications of Authorship48

6.2.1 Authorship in Social Sciences49

6.2.2 Authorship in Medical Sciences50

6.2.3 Authorship in Natural Sciences51

6.3 Requirements of Writing Authors and Affiliations51

6.3.1 Unifying Printing Format51

6.3.2 Omitting Profession Titles52

6.3.3 Paying Attention to Orders of Chinese and English Names52

6.3.4 Paying Attention to Affiliation52

6.3.5 Clearly Indicating Correspondent Author52

6.3.6 Indicating Authors’ Responsibilities if Necessary53

Chapter 7 Abstract55

7.1 Types of Abstracts56

7.2 Format of Abstracts56

7.3 Components of Abstracts57

7.3.1 Topic Sentences57

7.3.2 Supporting Sentences58

7.3.3 Concluding Sentences59

7.4 Structured Abstracts59

7.5 Sample Analysis63

Chapter 8 Key Words67

8.1 Functions of Key Words68

8.2 Disciplinary Differences of Key Words68

8.3 Who Supplies Key Words69

8.4 Features of Key Words70

8.4.1 Nominalization70

8.4.2 Limited Number70

8.4.3 Designated Choice70

8.5 How to Select Key Words70

8.6 How to Arrange Key Words72

8.6.1 Using Required Terms72

8.6.2 Placing in the Right Location72

8.6.3 Spacing the Key Words72

Chapter 9 Introduction75

9.1 Functional Elements of the Introduction Section76

9.1.1 Introducing the Subject76

9.1.2 Limiting the Research Scope77

9.1.3 Stating the General Purpose77

9.1.4 Explaining the Writing Arrangement77

9.2 Components of the Introduction Section77

9.3 Usual Process of Writing the Introduction Section78

9.3.1 Starting with the Research Background78

9.3.2 Moving Towards the Existing Problem78

9.3.3 Focusing on the Present Research78

9.3.4 Illustrating the Writing Structure79

9.4 Literature Reviews81

9.4.1 Purposes of Literature Reviews81

9.4.2 Strategies for Presenting Literature Reviews81

9.4.3 Problems Concerning Writing Literature Reviews84

9.4.4 False Assumptions Concerning Writing Literature Reviews84

Chapter 10 Textual Developments93

10.1 Types of Research Papers94

10.1.1 Papers of Theoretical Nature94

10.1.2 Papers of Experimental Nature96

10.1.3 Papers of Combined Natures96

10.2 Avoiding Logical Problems98

10.2.1 Avoiding Logical Fallacies98

10.2.2 Avoiding Logical Flaws100

10.2.3 Avoiding Conspiracy Theories100

Chapter 11 Methods and Materials103

11.1 Functions of the Methods and Materials Section104

11.2 Structure of the Methods and Materials Section104

11.3 Ingredients of the Methods and Materials Section106

11.3.1 Subjects （Participants）106

11.3.2 Materials107

11.3.3 Design and Procedure108

11.4 How to Write the Methods and Materials Section108

11.4.1 Principles to Follow108

11.4.2 Supplementary Points to Notice111

Chapter 12 Results121

12.1 Importance of the Results Section122

12.2 Requirements of Writing the Results Section122

12.3 Two Moves Analysis of the Results Section123

12.4 Twelve Steps for Writing the Results Section123

12.5 Tables and Graphs124

12.5.1 Constructing Tables125

12.5.2 Presenting Tables125

12.5.3 Presenting Graphs126

12.5.4 Sample Analysis126

Chapter 13 Discussion135

13.1 Functions and Objectives of the Discussion Section136

13.2 Elements to Include in the Discussion Section137

13.2.1 Stating Major Findings of the Study137

13.2.2 Explaining Why Findings Are Important137

13.2.3 Relating Findings to Those of Similar Studies138

13.2.4 Considering Alternative Explanations of Findings138

13.2.5 Acknowledging the Study’s Limitations138

13.2.6 Making Suggestions for Further Research139

13.2.7 Giving “Take-Home Messages” in the Form of a Conclusion139

13.3 Things to Avoid in the Discussion Section139

13.3.1 Over Interpretation of the Results139

13.3.2 Unwarranted Speculation140

13.3.3 Inflating the Importance of Findings140

13.3.4 Tangential Issues140

13.3.5 Too Much Criticism140

13.4 How to Write the Discussion Section140

Chapter 14 Conclusion147

14.1 Typical Contents of the Conclusion Section148

14.1.1 Summing Up148

14.1.2 Statement of the Conclusion148

14.1.3 Statement of Recommendations148

14.1.4 Graceful Termination149

14.2 Common Problems in Writing the Conclusion Section149

14.2.1 Being Too Long149

14.2.2 Having Too Many Details149

14.2.3 Failure to Comment on Larger，More Significant Issues149

14.2.4 Failure to Reveal the Complexities of a Conclusion or Situation150

14.3 Warnings and Suggestions for Writing the Conclusion Section150

14.3.1 Warnings150

14.3.2 Suggestions151

14.4 Sample Analysis151

Chapter 15 Supplementary Parts to Academic Writing157

15.1 Acknowledgement158

15.2 References159

15.2.1 Styles of References159

15.2.2 Reasons for Citing References161

15.2.3 Citing Page Numbers for Quotations in the Text162

15.2.4 Using Appropriate Styles and References162

15.3 Footnotes163

15.4 Correspondence Among Authors，Editors，and Referees163

15.5 Proofs165

15.6 Sample Letters166

Chapter 16 Academic Publishing173

16.1 Targeting Academic Journals174

16.1.1 Impact Factors174

16.1.2 Useful Tips175

16.2 Delays in the Publishing Process175

16.3 The Process of Refereeing176

16.4 Key Elements to the Success of Academic Publishing178

16.4.1 Procrastination and Writer’s Block178

16.4.2 To Advocate Collaboration179

16.4.3 To Be Productive180

Bibliography183