热物理学 英文版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Background1

1.1 Heating and temperature1

1.2 Some dilute gas relationships4

1.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics8

1.4 Heat capacity11

1.5 An adiabatic process13

1.6 The meaning of words16

1.7 Essentials18

Further reading21

Problems21

2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics2.1 Multiplicity24

2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics28

2.3 The power of the Second Law29

2.4 Connecting multiplicity and energy transfer by heating31

2.5 Some examples35

2.6 Generalization39

2.7 Entropy and disorder44

2.8 Essentials45

Further reading46

Problems47

3 Entropy and Efficiency51

3.1 The most important thermodynamic cycle:the Carnot cycle51

3.2 Maximum efficiency55

3.3 A practical consequence59

3.4 Rapid change60

3.5 The simplified Otto cycle62

3.6 More about reversibility67

3.7 Essentials69

Further reading70

Problems71

4 Entropy in Quantum Theory75

4.1 The density of states75

4.2 The quantum version of multiplicity80

4.3 A general definition of temperature80

4.4 Essentials86

Problems87

5 The Canonical Probability Distribution5.1 Probabilities89

5.2 Probabilities when the temperature is fixed91

5.3 An example:spin 1/2h paramagnetism94

5.4 The partition function technique96

5.5 The energy range δE99

5.6 The ideal gas,treated semi-classically101

5.7 Theoretical threads109

5.8 Essentials109

Further reading111

Problems112

6 Photons and Phonons116

6.1 The big picture116

6.2 Electromagnetic waves and photons118

6.3 Radiative flux123

6.4 Entropy and evolution(optional)128

6.5 Sound waves and phonons130

6.6 Essentials139

Further reading141

Problems141

7 The Chemical Potential148

7.1 Discovering the chemical potential148

7.2 Minimum free energy155

7.3 A lemma for computing μ156

7.4 Adsorption157

7.5 Essentials160

Further reading161

Problems162

8 The Quantum Ideal Gas166

8.1 Coping with many particles all at once166

8.2 Occupation numbers168

8.3 Estimating the occupation numbers170

8.4 Limits:classical and semi-classical173

8.5 The nearly classical ideal gas(optional)175

8.6 Essentials178

Further reading179

Problems180

9 Fermions and Bosons at Low Temperature9.1 Fermions at low temperature182

9.2 Pauli paramagnetism(optional)192

9.3 White dwarf stars(optional)194

9.4 Bose-Einstein condensation:theory199

9.5 Bose-Einstein condensation:experiments205

9.6 A graphical comparison209

9.7 Essentials212

Further reading214

Problems215

10 The Free Energies222

10.1 Generalities about an open system222

10.2 Helmholtz free energy225

10.3 More on understanding the chemical potential226

10.4 Gibbs free energy230

10.5 The minimum property233

10.6 Why the phrase"free energy"?234

10.7 Miscellany236

10.8 Essentials238

Further reading239

Problems240

11 Chemical Equilibrium244

11.1 The kinetic view244

11.2 A consequence of minimum free energy246

11.3 The diatomic molecule250

11.4 Thermal ionization257

11.5 Another facet of chemical equilibrium260

11.6 Creation and annihilation262

11.7 Essentials264

Further reading266

Problems266

12 Phase Equilibrium270

12.1 Phase diagram270

12.2 Latent heat273

12.3 Conditions for coexistence276

12.4 Gibbs-Duhem relation279

12.5 Clausius-Clapeyron equation280

12.6 Cooling by adiabatic compression(optional)282

12.7 Gibbs'phase rule(optional)290

12.8 Isotherms291

12.9 Van der Waals equation of state293

12.10 Essentials300

Further reading301

Problems301

13 The Classical Limit306

13.1 Classical phase space306

13.2 The Maxwellian gas309

13.3 The equipartition theorem314

13.4 Heat capacity of diatomic molecules318

13.5 Essentials320

Further reading322

Problems322

14 Approaching Zero327

14.1 Entropy and probability327

14.2 Entropy in paramagnetism329

14.3 Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization331

14.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics337

14.5 Some other consequences of the Third Law341

14.6 Negative absolute temperatures343

14.7 Temperature recapitulated347

14.8 Why heating increases the entropy.Or does it?349

14.9 Essentials351

Further reading352

Problems353

15 Transport Processes356

15.1 Mean free path356

15.2 Random walk360

15.3 Momentum transport:viscosity362

15.4 Pipe flow366

15.5 Energy transport:thermal conduction367

15.6 Time-dependent thermal conduction369

15.7 Thermal evolution:an example372

15.8 Refinements375

15.9 Essentials377

Further reading378

Problems378

16 Critical Phenomena382

16.1 Experiments382

16.2 Critical exponents388

16.3 Ising model389

16.4 Mearn field theory392

16.5 Renormalization group397

16.6 First-order versus continuous407

16.7 Universality409

16.8 Essentials414

Further reading415

Problems415

Epilogue419

Appendix A Physical and Mathematical Data420

Appendix B Examples of Estimating Occupation Numbers426

Appendix C The Framework of Probability Theory428

Appendix D Qualitative Perspectives on the van der Waals Equation435

Index438