全球气候变化中的紫外线辐射 观测、模拟及其对生态系统的影响 英文2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

全球气候变化中的紫外线辐射 观测、模拟及其对生态系统的影响 英文PDF格式电子书版下载

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1　A Climatology of UV Radiation,1979-2000,65S-65N1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Method2

1.3 Results6

1.3.1 Satellite-Derived UV Climatologies6

1.3.2 Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements14

1.3.3　Discussion of Uncertanties16

1.4 Conclusions17

Acknowledgements117

References118

2 Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Ultraviolet Radiation21

2.1 Introduction22

2.2 Long Term Changes in UVEry22

2.3 Geographical Variability in UVEry23

2.4 Peak UV24

2.4.1 Peak UV Index24

2.4.2 Peak UV Daily Dose28

2.5 Comparing Weighting Functions for Erythema and Vitamin D29

2.6 Seasonal and Diurnal Variation of UVEry and UVVitD31

2.7 Global Climatologies of UVEry and UVVitD33

2.8 Relationship Between UVVitD and UVEry36

2.9 Production of Vitamin D from Sunlight38

2.10 Calculation of Optimal Times for Exposure to Sunlight38

2.11 An Inconsistency42

2.12 Conclusions44

Acknowledgements45

References45

3 Climatology of Ultraviolet Radiation at High Latitudes Derived from Measurements of the National Science Foundation's Ultraviolet Spec-tral Irradiance Monitoring Network48

3.1 Introduction49

3.2 Data Analysis51

3.2.1 Data51

3.2.2 Establishment of Climatologies52

3.2.3 Estimates of Historical UV Indices52

3.3 UV Index Climatology56

3.3.1 South Pole56

3.3.2 McMurdo Station57

3.3.3 Palmer Station59

3.3.4 Ushuaia60

3.3.5 San Diego60

3.3.6 Barrow61

3.4 Climatology of UV-A Irradiance62

3.5 Comparison of Radiation Levels at Network Sites65

3.6 Conclusions and Outlook69

Acknowledgements70

References70

4 UV Solar Radiation in Polar Regions:Consequences for the Environment and Human Health73

4.1 Introduction74

4.2 Networks and Databanks76

4.3 Impact of Solar UV on the Environment79

4.3.1 Effect of the Environment on Solar UV85

4.4 Impact of Solar UV on Human Health88

4.4.1 Information and Protection Programs92

4.4.2 Dosimetry,UV Modeling,and Instruments93

4.5 Concluding Remarks98

References99

5 Changes in Ultraviolet and Visible Solar Irradiance 1979 to 2008106

5.1 Introduction106

5.2 Instrumentation112

5.3 Detection of Long-Term Change121

5.3.1 Radiation Amplification Factor122

5.3.2 Different Definitions of RAF125

5.3.3 Estimating UV Trends:Discussion126

5.3.4 Reduction of UV Irradiance by Clouds and Aerosols128

5.3.5 Stokes Derivation of CT=(1-R)/(1-RG)130

5.3.6 UV Absorption132

5.3.7 Estimating Zonal Average UV Change132

5.3.8 Estimating UV Trends:Satellites133

5.3.9 Estimating UV Trends:Ground-Based138

5.4 UV in the Polar Regions139

5.5 Human Exposure to UV140

5.6 UV Index and Units143

5.7 Action Spectra and Irradiance Trends143

5.8 UV Summary151

Appendix 5.1 Calculating RAF(θ)153

Acknowledgements155

References155

6 The Brewer Spectrophotometer160

6.1 Introduction160

6.2 History161

6.3 The Instrument163

6.3.1 The Fore-Optics165

6.3.2 The Spectrometer166

6.3.3 The Photomultiplier Housing168

6.3.4 Support Electronics169

6.3.5 The Control Computer170

6.4 Corrections Applied to Data170

6.4.1 Dark Count170

6.4.2 Dead Time171

6.4.3 Stray Light172

6.4.4 Temperature Response172

6.4.5 Neutral Density Filters173

6.4.6 Cosine Response173

6.4.7 Internal Polarization174

6.5 Measurement of Total Ozone175

6.5.1 Measurement Technique175

6.5.2 Calibration177

6.6 Measurement of Spectral UV Radiation179

6.7 Measurement of Other Atmospheric Variables181

6.7.1 Vertical Profile of Ozone182

6.7.2 Atmospheric SO2182

6.7.3 Atmospheric NO2183

6.7.4 Aerosol Optical Depth183

6.7.5 Effective Temperature of Atmospheric Ozone184

6.8 The Brewer Spectrophotometer as a Powerful Research Tool185

6.9 Summary186

Acknowledgements186

References186

7 Techniques for Solar Dosimetry in Different Environments192

7.1 Introduction192

7.2 UV Dosimetry and Minimization Strategies194

7.3 Miniaturization of Polysulphone Dosimeters195

7.4 Measurements on Plants197

7.5 Long-Term UV Dosimeters199

7.6 Vitamin D Effective UV Dosimetry200

7.7 Discussion and Conclusions201

References202

8 An Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring and Research Program for Agriculture205

8.1 Introduction206

8.2 Introduction to the USDA UVMRP(Purpose and History)207

8.3 Monitoring Network208

8.3.1 Sites and Coverage208

8.3.2 Data Products Provided by UVMRP209

8.4 Data Collection and Processing210

8.4.1 UV-MFRSR Data Processing212

8.4.2 Erythemally Weighted UV Irradiance215

8.4.3 Langley Analysis219

8.4.4 Data Processing for Other Measurements221

8.5 Derived Products222

8.5.1 Optical Depth223

8.5.2 Daily Column Ozone224

8.5.3 Synthetic Spectrum Data225

8.6 Database Design and Website Interface227

8.6.1 The Data227

8.7 UVMRP's Role in UV-B Agricultural Effects Studies229

8.7.1 Mississippi State University230

8.7.2 Purdue University230

8.7.3 Utah State University231

8.7.4 University of Maryland231

8.7.5 Washington State University231

8.7.6 University of Illinois—Chicago232

8.7.7 Highlights of Other Collaborations232

8.8 Modeling of Agricultural Sustainability233

8.9 Future Considerations234

8.10 Summary235

Acknowledgements237

References237

9 Radiative Transfer in the Coupled Atmosphere-Snow-Ice-Ocean(CASIO)System:Review of Modeling Capabilities244

9.1 Introduction245

9.2 Radiative Transfer Modeling247

9.2.1 Sun-Earth Geometry247

9.2.2 Spectrum of Solar Radiation248

9.2.3 Atmospheric Vertical Structure249

9.2.4 Light Interaction with Absorbing and Scattering Media250

9.2.5 Equation of Radiative Transfer256

9.2.6 Surface Reflection and Transmission257

9.2.7 Radiative Transfer in a Coupled Atmosphere-Snow-Ice-Ocean(CASIO)System258

9.3 Sample Applications of the Theory259

9.3.1 Comparison of Modeled Irradiances in CAO Systems259

9.3.2 Measured and Modeled Radiation Fields in Sea Ice261

9.3.3 Radiation Trapping in Sea Ice261

9.3.4 Impact of Ozone Depletion on Primary Productivity263

9.4 Discussion and Conclusions264

Acknowledgements265

References265

10 Comparative Analysis of UV-B Exposure Between Nimbus 7/TOMS Satellite Estimates and Ground-Based Measurements270

10.1 Introduction271

10.2 Materials and Methods274

10.2.1 USDA UV-B Dataset274

10.2.2 TOMS Dataset274

10.2.3 UV Index276

10.2.4 Comparative Analysis276

10.3 Results and Discussion277

10.3.1 UV-I Daily Change Analysis277

10.3.2 Analysis of UV-I Variability279

10.3.3 UV-I Spatial Analysis281

10.4 Conclusions287

Acknowledgements289

References289

11 Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Interaction with Air Pollution291

11.1 Introduction291

11.1.1 Factors Affecting UV Flux at the Earth's Surface292

11.2 Optics of the Atmosphere301

11.2.1 Scattering301

11.2.2 Absorption303

11.2.3 Emission304

11.2.4 Atmospheric Optical Depth304

11.2.5 Single Scatter Albedo309

11.2.6 Asymmetry Factor310

11.2.7 Angstrom's Exponent310

11.3 Models and Measurements310

11.4 Summary325

Reterences326

12 Urban Forest Influences on Exposure to UV Radiation and Potential Consequences for Human Health331

12.1 Introduction332

12.2 Effects of Solar UV on Human Health and Epidemiology333

12.2.1 Sunburn333

12.2.2 Skin Types336

12.2.3 Immune Function336

12.2.4 Skin Cancers336

12.2.5 Eye Diseases339

12.2.6 Sunscreen Effectiveness339

12.2.7 Positive Impacts339

12.3 UV Climatology344

12.3.1 Ozone Trends344

12.4 Urban Structural Influences346

12.4.1 Sky Radiance and Diffuse Fraction346

12.4.2 UV Reflectivity347

12.4.3 Tree and Building Influences on UV347

12.4.4 Human Exposure356

12.5 Public Health Information357

12.6 Conclusions358

Acknowledgements359

References360

13 Solar UV-B Radiation and Global Dimming:Effects on Plant Growth and UV-Shielding370

13.1 Introduction371

13.1.1 Global Dimming and UV-B:Potential Effects on Plants371

13.1.2 Assessing Global Dimming and UV-B Effects on Plant Growth372

13.2 Methods374

13.2.1 Field Site374

13.2.2 Structural and Biomass Measurements375

13.2.3 UV-A Epidermal Transmittance Measurements376

13.2.4 Solar UV and PAR Irradiance376

13.2.5 Statistical Analyses377

13.3 Results377

13.3.1 UV-A Epidermal Transmittance377

13.3.2 Dimming Effects on Biomass and Structure381

13.4 Discussion383

13.4.1 Global Dimming and UV-B Effects on Leaf Optical Properties384

13.4.2 Global Dimming and UV-B Effects on Productivity384

13.4.3 Ecological Implications385

13.5 Concluding Remarks388

Acknowledgements389

Reterences389

14 Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation and Its Interactions with Climate Change Factors on Agricultural Crop Growth and Yield395

14.1 Introduction396

14.2 Abiotic Stress Factors and Crop Yield400

14.3 Crop Responses to UV-B and Other Climate Change Factors401

14.3.1 Specific Effects ofUV-B Radiation on Plants402

14.3.2 Strategies for Protection against UV-B Radiation410

14.3.3 Crop Response to Atmospheric CO2Concentration412

14.3.4 Crop Response to Temperature413

14.3.5 Crop Response to Drought414

14.3.6 Crop Response to Multiple Abiotic Stress Factors416

14.4 Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Cultivar Screening Tools419

14.5 Climate Change and Aerobiology and Public Health422

14.6 Concluding Remarks423

Acknowledgements424

References424

15 Assessment of DNA Damage as a Tool to Measure UV-B Tolerance inSoybean Lines Differing in Foliar Flavonoid Composition437

15.1 Introduction438

15.2 Materials and Methods441

15.2.1 Plant Growth and UV Irradiation441

15.2.2 Field Sampling442

15.2.3 Analysis of Phenolics443

15.2.4 Determination of DNA Lesions—Gel Electrophoresis Method443

15.2.5 Determination of DNA Lesions—Monoclonal Antibody Method446

15.2.6 Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis446

15.3 Results and Discussion446

15.3.1 Leaf Phenolics446

15.3.2 DNA Damage448

15.4 Conclusions452

Acknowledgements453

References453

16 Physiological Impacts of Short-Term UV Irradiance Exposures on Cultivars of Glycine Max458

16.1 Introduction459

16.2 Materials and Methods461

16.2.1 Plant Material and Greenhouse Growth Conditions461

16.2.2 UV Treatment462

16.2.3 UV Exposure Regimes463

16.2.4 Stomatal Conductance Measurements466

16.2.5 Photosynthesis and Transpiration Measurements467

16.2.6 Pigment Analyses467

16.2.7 UV-B Absorbing Compounds468

16.3 Results and Discussion469

16.3.1 Stomatal Conductance469

16.3.2 Transpiration473

16.3.3 Photosynthesis476

16.3.4 Water Use Efficiency478

16.3.5 UV-B Absorbing Compounds and Leaf Pigments478

16.4 Summary and Conclusions481

Acknowledgements483

References483

17 UV-Effects on Young Seedlings of Soybean:Effects in Early Development and Long-Term Effects488

17.1 Introduction488

Main Objectives492

17.2 Results and Discussion492

17.2.1 UV Effects on Early Development and Survival of Young Soybean492

17.2.2 Surviving Soybean:the Affect on Seed Production496

17.2.3 Assessment of Phenylpropanoids in Response to UV498

17.3 Conclusions499

17.4 Methods500

17.4.1 Plant Materials and Accessions500

17.4.2 Plant Growth and Preparation of Tissue500

17.4.3 Chemicals501

17.4.4 UV Radiation Sources and Treatments501

17.4.5 Metabolome Studies501

Acknowledgements502

References502

18 Characteristics of UV-B Radiation Tolerance in Broadleaf Trees in Southern USA509

18.1 Introduction510

18.2 Methodology514

18.2.1 Plant Materials514

18.2.2 Measuring Leaf Optical Properties514

18.2.3 Measuring the Light Penetration and Distribution within Leaf Tissues515

18.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Light Microscopy of Leaves517

18.2.5 Measurements of UV-B Absorbing Compounds and Chlorophyll Concentrations517

18.2.6 Statistical Analysis518

18.3 Results and Discussion518

18.3.1 Leaf Optical Properties518

18.3.2 Depth of Light Penetration into Leaf Tissues519

18.3.3 The Concentration of Leaf UV-B Absorbing Compounds522

18.3.4 Correlations among the UV-B Related Variables within and among the Species524

18.4 Conclusions527

Acknowledgements527

References528

Index531