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PART ⅠBackground: law and digital challenges1

1 Introduction3

2 Development of communication technology and international copyright laws in the context of globalisation11

2.1 Introduction11

2.2 An overview of the development of communication technology and its impacts13

2.2.1 Development of communication technology and its impacts (the 1442s to the 1970s)13

2.2.2 Development of digital technology and its impacts (post 1970s)15

2.3 An overview of the development of international copyright legislation22

2.3.1 Berne Convention22

2.3.2 TRIPS27

2.3.3 WIPO Internet treaties35

2.4 New development and opinions of international forums41

2.4.1 WIPO Digital Agenda 199941

2.4.2 UNDP Report 2003 - Call on TRIPS alternatives42

2.4.3 Development Agenda for WIPO 200444

2.4.4 Summary47

2.5 Rise of regionalism: IP-related bilateral and regional trade agreements48

2.5.1 IP-related RTAs in which the US is a party:IP and trade agreement48

2.5.2 Other IP-related RTAs55

2.5.3 Summary56

2.6 Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 256

PART ⅡKnowledge equilibrium paradigm: IP theories and copyright policies59

3 Knowledge divide vs. knowledge equilibrium61

3.1 Introduction61

3.2 IP theories and causes of knowledge divide64

3.2.1 Knowledge, knowledge economy and IP theories65

3.2.2 Intellectual products, IPR and knowledge divide70

3.3 IP divergence and essential causes for copyright imbalances77

3.3.1 IP divergence: three common approaches77

3.3.2 Yin-Yang philosophy: power imbalance vs.copyright imbalance82

3.3.3 Inequalities of power vs. democratic balancing regime83

3.3.4 IP standard setting process vs. democracy:forum-shifting strategy in TRIPS and DMCA85

3.3.5 Summary: two balancing mechanisms90

3.4 A knowledge equilibrium framework (a political economy of intellectual property in the digital era)92

3.4.1 Perspective/notion of knowledge equilibrium:equilibrium between copyright, knowledge and power92

3.4.2 Main objectives of knowledge equilibrium theoretical framework/paradigm93

3.4.3 A framework/paradigm of knowledge equilibrium society (implication and goals for capacity building)95

3.5 Obstacles and possibilities of establishing a KE society111

3.5.1 Obstacles to establishing a KE society112

3.5.2 Advantages and possibilities of establishing a KE society113

3.6 Some principles/strategies for implementing the KE framework/paradigm117

3.6.1 Regionalism as second-best approach117

3.6.2 Domestic solutions and developmental independence120

3.6.3 Feasibility and flexibility121

3.6.4 An open KE framework123

3.7 Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 3123

4 IP trade conflicts and proper digital copyright policies125

4.1 Introduction125

4.2 Technology, copyright protection and potential IP trade wars127

4.2.1 Digital technology vs. widespread piracy127

4.2.2 Responses for digital challenges and potential trade wars/sanctions129

4.3 Historical review: bilateral (China-US) IP conflicts and changes of copyright policies131

4.3.1 US copyright history: protectionist copyright policies and underlying business incentives131

4.3.2 China copyright history: development of copyright laws and external/internal pressures139

4.3.3 Reasons for successfully avoiding IP trade wars and China's positive post- WTO copyright policy146

4.4 Establishment of proper copyright policy: copyright and development155

4.4.1 Classifying and prioritising problems156

4.4.2 Sustainable copyright protection: copyright policy and development/trade policy158

4.4.3 Failed myth of development: copyright policy vs. technology policy161

4.4.4 More systematic and collaborative copyright policies163

4.5 Some strategies for the policy implementation165

4.5.1 Variety and flexibility: implementation of policy framework165

4.5.2 Domestic approach plus regionalism approach166

4.6 Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 4168

PART ⅢApplication of theory and policy: knowledge equilibrium and future digital legislative reform (templates/law models)171

5 Templates/law models for ISP liability and their implementation175

5.1 Introduction175

5.2 Overview of international ISP safe harbour legislation176

5.3 Vertical approach: US ISP legislative model177

5.3.1 Scope of protections177

5.3.2 Conditions for eligibility and their applications180

5.3.3 Other relevant implementation provisions185

5.3.4 Summary and comments on the US model187

5.4 Horizontal approach: the EU and the Japanese ISP legislative models190

5.4.1 EU's horizontal ISP legislative approach191

5.4.2 More balanced ISP legislative model in Japan192

5.4.3 Summary and comments on the Japanese ISP model194

5.5 Free Trade Agreement and ISP safe harbour legislative reform: Australia as an example195

5.5.1 ISP safe harbour provisions in the DAA196

5.5.2 New requirements under the FTA199

5.5.3 Problems and recommendations200

5.5.4 General lessons for other nations210

5.6 Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 5212

6 Templates/law models for anti-circumvention measures and their implementation214

6.1 Introduction214

6.2 International anti-circumvention laws216

6.3 US anti-circumvention rules in the DMCA and their application217

6.3.1 Background218

6.3.2 Provisions for banning the acts of circumventing access-controls (Rule I)220

6.3.3 Anti-device provisions221

6.3.4 Exceptions for anti-circumvention rules224

6.4 The problems with the US anti-circumvention rules227

6.4.1 General problems and why there is a need for anti-device rules228

6.4.2 Problem Ⅰ: fair use vs. different treatments in anti-circumvention rules230

6.4.3 Problem Ⅱ: overly narrow exceptions and lack of a general purpose exception for other legitimate reasons232

6.4.4 Problem Ⅲ: 'para-copyright' provisions and misuse of anti-circumvention rights234

6.5 Future anti-circumvention rules: KE goals and heterogeneous solutions238

6.5.1 Broader exceptions: fair circumvention doctrine(a statutory/common law solution)238

6.5.2 Controlling technological measures to protect users: proposed legal solutions and market forces241

6.5.3 Predictable problems on enforcement of new doctrine and possible legal solutions243

6.5.4 General advice for future legislators and the multi-level role of copyright law in future legal reform245

6.5.5 Impacts of FTAs on anti-circumvention laws and general lessons for other nations246

6.6 Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 6248

7 Templates/law models for database protection and their implementation250

7.1 Introduction250

7.2 Traditional copyright law on database protection and needs for sui generis database legislation252

7.2.1 Database protection in the existing international intellectual property/copyright treaties252

7.2.2 A quick review of US copyright law on database protection253

7.2.3 Development of technology and needs for sui generis database protection257

7.3 Existing sui generis database legislative models and general criticisms263

7.3.1 The EU database legislative model263

7.3.2 Proposed WIPO database treaty272

7.3.3 Development of database legislation in the US273

7.3.4 Criticisms and compromises (property right model vs. tort law/unfair competition law model)278

7.4 Specific problems of sui generis database law and recommendations283

7.4.1 Specific legal problems in these two bills and recommendations283

7.4.2 Re-examining the EU reciprocal protection provision and lessons for other nations292

7.5 Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 7297

8 Conclusion300

Bibliography303

Table of cases331

Index333