INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AGRICULTURE AND GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1. Introduction and overview1

1.1 General and specific objectives1

1.2 Background and significance4

1.3 Definition of key conceptual issues7

1.3.1 General legal and policy framework within which the ITPGRFA arises7

1.3.1.1 The principle of common heritage of humankind and farmers’ rights under the International Undertaking8

1.3.1.2 From common heritage to permanent sovereignty and the principle of common concern of humankind11

1.3.1.3 The revision of the IUPGR and the adoption of the ITPGRFA12

1.3.1.4 Differential treatment, international equity and North-South aspects of ABS13

1.3.2 The relationship between the CBD and the ITPGRFA with particular regard to the legal principles underlying control over biological resources/PGR15

1.3.3 The concept of access to genetic resources/PGRFA as developed in the CBD and the ITPGRFA, including the principle of Prior Informed Consent16

1.3.4 The concept of benefit sharing under the CBD and the ITPGRFA19

1.3.5 Farmers’ rights under the ITPGRFA22

1.4 The commodification of crop diversity23

1.5 Legal, temporal and geographical scope and limitations26

1.6 Outline of the book28

3.2.3 Disclosure of origin and the revision of Article 27.3（b） of the TRIPs Agreement78

3.3 UPOV conventions for the protection of new varieties of plants80

3.3.1 Patents versus plant variety rights81

3.3.2 Agricultural exemptions under UPOV83

3.4 Plant intellectual property protection in Europe and North America85

3.4.1 Cumulative protection of plant varieties in the US87

3.4.1.1 The 1930 Plant Patent Act87

3.4.1.2 The 1970 Plant Variety Protection Act88

3.4.1.3 Utility patents and plant-related inventions90

3.4.2 Concurrent protection for plant varieties in Europe91

3.4.3 Experimental use exemption under patent law93

3.4.3.1 Experimental use exemption in the US93

3.4.3.2 Experimental use exemption in the EU94

3.4.4 The interface between patents and plant variety rights95

3.4.4.1 North American approach to the interface problem95

3.4.4.2 IP management responses from international agricultural research98

3.4.4.3 European approach to the interface problem101

3.4.4.4 Responses from the private sector103

3.4.5 US and European foreign policies on plant intellectual property105

3.5 Concluding remarks107

4. The international legal framework of access to plant genetic resources and benefit sharing110

4.1 Introduction110

4.2 The FAO International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture111

4.2.1 The Multilateral System of ABS112

4.2.1.1 The concepts of ‘public domain’,‘private property’ and ‘common property’ in relation to the MLS115

4.2.1.2 The Standard Material Transfer Agreement118

4.2.1.3 The third party beneficiary123

5.2.6 Seed certification and market regulation168

5.2.7 The enforcement of patents and plant variety rights169

5.2.8 Post-WTO accession IP-related technical assistance needs assessment170

5.2.9 Lessons learned: privatization, equity and agriculture173

5.3 The biodiversity law, access to genetic resources and benefit sharing176

5.3.1 General fit of the Biodiversity Law in the Vietnamese legal system177

5.3.2 The Biodiversity Law and ABS-related technical assistance178

5.3.3 The ABS provisions of the Biodiversity Law180

5.3.4 Outstanding issues and gaps relevant for the implementation of the ABS system182

5.3.4.1 Relationship with the ITPGRFA183

5.3.4.2 Farmers’ exemptions184

5.3.4.3 Domestic non-commercial research184

5.3.4.4 Traditional knowledge protection186

5.3.5 Concluding observations on PGR and the Biodiversity Law187

5.4 Lessons learned and conceptual contribution of the case study188

5.5 Example PCT International Application192

6. Conclusions193

6.1 Crop diversity commodification: limitations and systemic weaknesses of global institutional reforms193

6.2 Developmental implications of changes in the legal status of PGRFA195

6.3 Available options and ways forward197

6.4 Concluding remarks199

Bibliography201

Index227