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Chapter Ⅰ Five Types of the English Verb7

Ⅰ.The Intransitive Type8

Ⅱ.The Linking Verb Type(Various Predicatives)9

Ⅲ.The Mono-transitive Type (Various Objects)13

Ⅳ.The Di-transitive Type17

（a）Convertible into Mono-transitive with“to”18

（b）Convertible into Mono-transitive with“for”19

（c）Not very well Convertible into Mono-transitive19

Ⅴ.The Complex Transitive Type20

（a）With a Noun or Noun-equivalent Complement21

（b）Whit an Adjective or Adjective-equivalent Complement22

（1）to show result22

（2）to show state23

（3）a past participle to show pas-sive meaning24

（c）With a Verbal Complement to Indicate Action24

（1）the infinitive with“to”24

（2）the infinitive without“to”25

（3）the present participle26

（4）either the present participle or bare infinitive without appreciable difference of meaning27

（5）either the present participle or infinitive with clear distinc-tion of meaning28

（6）the infinitive“to be”29

（7）the preparatory“it”and com-plement31

ChapterⅡ Tense33

Ⅰ.Basic Use or Meaning of Each of the Tenses37

Ⅱ.Extended Use or Uses of the More Common Tense Forms45

A.The Simple Present Tense45

B.the Present Progressive Tense51

C.The Present Perfect Tense52

D.The Present Perfect Progressive Tense54

E.The Past Tense Forms55

F.The Simple Future Tense57

G.The Future Progressive Tense57

H.The Future Perfect Tense58

I.The Past Simple Future Tense with“Would”58

J.The Past Future Perfect Tense59

Ⅲ.Time and Tense59

A.Denotation of Present Time59

B.Denotation of Habitual,Permanent or Repeated Action60

C.Denotation of Past Time61

D.Denotation of Future Time62

E.Denotation of Duration of an Action or of Absence of an Action Beginning in the Past and Continuing to the Present（Possibly to the Future）64

Ⅳ.Comparison Between Some of the Common Tenses65

Chapter Ⅲ Special or Anomalous Verbs68

Ⅰ.What Special Verbs Are68

A.Ability to Form the Tag Question71

B.Ability to Form Short Answers72

C.Ability to Form Elliptical Sentences75

E.A Mid-position Adverb to Follow Rather than Precede the Special76

D.Ability to Form an Emphatic Affirmative76

F.With Most Specials,No Inflexion for the Third Person Singular of the Present Tense77

Ⅱ.Special or Non-special?78

A.“Need”78

B.“Dare”79

C.“Used to”80

D.“Have”and“have to”81

E.“Do”84

Ⅲ.Mood,Emotion and Attitude84

A.Requests,Commands,Prohibitions,Invitations and ,Suggestions85

B.Promises,Threats and Refusals86

C.Wishes and Preferences87

D.Plans and Arrangements or Decisions88

E.Obligation and Necessity89

F.Permission89

G.Probability and Likelihood90

H.Possibility92

I.Ability and Achievement95

J.Determination and Resolve；Willingness97

K.Concession99

L.Surprise100

M.Characteristic Behaviour100

Ⅳ.Semi-modal Verbs101

Chapter Ⅳ Voice104

A.Examples Showing Transitive or Prepositional Verbs Which as a Rule Do not Occur in the Passive118

B.Examples Showing the Inconvertibli－ty of an Idiom and Active Transitive Verb Has Entered into118

C.Examples Showing Those Transitive Verbs Which Are Mostly,or Can Often Be,Used in the Passive120

D.Verbs,Active in Form but Passive in Meaning123

（A）Intransitive and Linking Verbs123

（a）Finite Verbs124

（B）Transitive Verbs124

（b）Non-finite Verbs125

（1）A Transitive Gerund125

（2）A Transitive or Prepositional-Verb Infinitive125

Chapter Ⅴ Mood127

Ⅰ.The Imperative Mood128

Ⅱ.The Subjunctive Mood130

A.General130

B.The Subjunctive Present Tense134

C.Meaning of Subjunctive Mood137

（A）The Pure Subjunctive138

（B）The Half Subjunctive141

（C）The Old-styled Subjunctive Present Tense144

（D）The False Subjunctive145

D.Subjunctive or Indicative?147

E.Conditions Expressed by Inversion153

F.Conclusion154

Chapter Ⅵ The Non-finites155

Ⅰ.The Finite Verb versus the Non-finite155

Ⅱ.Agent of the Non-finite159

Ⅲ.Contrasts Between the Non-finite163

A.As Subject163

B.As Predicative164

C.As Object168

（A）of a Transitive Verb168

（B）of a Preposition170

D.As Attributive170

（A）Transitive Present Participle versus Transitive Past Participle170

（B）Intransitive Present Participle versus Intransitive Past Participle as Premodifier171

（C）Present Participle versus Gerund as Premodifier173

（D）Present Participle versus Infinitive175

（E）Infinitive versus Gerund or Preposition plus Gerund178

E.As Adverbial179

（A）The Participle and the Infinitive179

（B）“Go”plus Infinitive ersus183

F.No-finites as Object Complements185

G.Non-finites as Independent Elements（Disjuncts）187

Ⅳ.Voice of the Non-finites189

Ⅴ.The Tense Forms of the Non-finites191

B.of the Complement Infinitive192

A.of the Predicative Infinitive192

C.of the Adverbial Participle193

Ⅵ.The Adverbial Non-finite and the Adverbial Clause195

Ⅶ.The Non-finite Postmodifier and the Adverbial Clause201

A.The Present Participial Phrase201

B.The Past Participial Phrase202

C.The Infinitive Phrase204

Ⅷ.The Split Infinitive205

A.As Complement to the following Verbs207

Ⅸ.The Bare Infinitive207

B.As Predicative209

C.After Modal Verbs210

D.After Certain Prepositions210

Ⅹ.The Elliptical Infinitive211

Ⅺ.The Half Gerund212

Ⅻ.Verbal Construction after“Rather than”and“As well as”216

Chapter Ⅶ Verbs and Their Prepositions219

A.Intransitive Verbs followed by Prepositions223

（A）Omission of Preposition from Prepositional Verb Governing “that”Clause223

（B）Cases Where Omission of Preposition Produces No difference in Meaning225

（C）Cases Where Omission of Preposition Will Produce a Difference in Meaning226

（D）Cases Where a Different Preposiition Gives a Difference Meaning to Verb232

（E）Cases Where a different Preposition Gives No Apprecialbe Difference Meaning to Verb238

（F）Intransitive Verbs with Double Prepositional Phrases240

B.Transitive Verbs Followed by Prepositions240

（A）Mono-transitive Preposition Combinations Which Admit of Object Shuffling242

（B）Mono-transitive Preposition Combinations Which Are Liable to Abuses of Object Shuffling243

（C）Cases Where a Different Preposition Gives a Different Meaning to the Situation243

（a）With Verbs in the Active Voice244

（D）A Few Cases Where Mono-transitive Preposition Combinations May Become Other Mono-transitive or Di-transitive Constructions by Dropping the Preposition247

（E）Great Majority of Mono-transitive Preposition Constructions Are Fixed and Invariable248

（F）A Few Reflexive Mono-transitive Preposition Constructions ,Which Are Fixed and Invariable249

C.The Verb“to be”Followed by Prepositions249

（A）“TO BE AT”with Phrases250

（B）“TO BE IN”with Phrases251

（C）“TO BE ON”with Phrases252

（D）“TO BE OUT OF”with Phrases253

（E）Miscellaneous “TO BE plus Preposition”Phrases253

D.Conclusion256