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Section A-Introduction to ecology1

A1 What is ecology?1

A2 Ten rules in ecology3

Abbreviations9

Preface10

Section B-Adaptation to the environment11

B1 Adaptation11

B2 Coping with environmental variation14

B3 The niche18

C1 Solar radiation and climate21

Section C-Climate21

C2 Microclimate27

Section D-Water31

D1 The properties of water31

D2 Plants and water34

D3 Animals and water39

Section E-Temperature43

E1 Temperature and metabolism43

E2 Responses to temperature47

E3 Temperature and species distribution50

F1 Solar radiation and plants53

Section F-Radiation53

Section G-Nutrients59

G1 Sources and cycles59

G2 Plants and consumers65

G3 Soil formation,properties and classification67

Section H-Population ecology71

H1 Populations and population structure71

H2 Natality,mortality and population growth75

H3 Density and density dependence84

H4 Population dynamics-fluctuations,cycles and chaos89

I1 The nature of competition93

Section I-Competition93

I2 Intraspecific competition99

I3 Resource partitioning102

Section J-Predation107

J1 The nature of predation107

J2 Predator behavior and prey response111

Section K-Parasitism117

K1 The nature of parasitism117

K2 The dynamics of parasitism122

Section L-Mutualism129

L1 Mutualism129

M1 Life history135

Section M-Life history patterns135

Section N-Behavioral ecology145

N1 Social groups,cooperation and altruism145

N2 Sex in ecology149

Section O-Population genetics157

O1 Genetic variation157

O2 Speciation163

Section P-Ecosystem processes169

P1 Components and processes169

P2 Primary and secondary production174

P3 Food chains179

Section Q-Communities183

Q1 The community,structure and stability183

Q2 Island communities and colonization189

Q3 Community patterns,competition and predation194

Section R-Community dynamics201

R1 Succession201

R2 Community responses to disturbance208

Section S-Biomes213

S1 Ecosystem patterns213

S2 Grasslands218

S3 Tundra222

S4 Forests224

S5 Deserts,semi-deserts and shrubland228

S6 Saltwater biomes231

S7 Freshwater biomes236

Section T-Harvesting241

T1 Harvesting theory241

T2 Fishing and whaling246

Section U-Pest control251

U1 The pest problem and control strategies251

U2 Pesticides and problems255

U3 Biological control and integrated pest management261

V1 Rare species,habitat loss and extinction265

Section V-Conservation265

V2 Conservation strategies271

V3 Biological resources and gene banks276

Section W-Pollution and global warming283

W1 Air,water and soil pollutants283

W2 Greenhouse gases and global warming288

W3 Ozone291

Section X-The ecology of agriculture295

X1 Soil erosion and agriculture295

X2 Nutrient,water and energy use298

Further reading305

Indes315