INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTATION SECOND EDITION2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTATION SECOND EDITIONPDF格式电子书版下载

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction1

1.1 Applications of Engineering Experimentation and Measurement1

1.1.1 Measurement in Engineering Experimentation1

1.1.2 Measurement in Operational Systems3

1.2 Objective and Overview3

1.3 Dimensions and Units3

1.4 Closure5

CHAPTER 2 General Characteristics of Measurement Systems6

2.1 Generalized Measurement System6

2.2 Validity of Measurement7

2.2.1 Measurement Error and Related Definitions8

2.2.2 Calibration of Measurement Systems15

2.3 Dynamic Measurements23

2.4 Closure27

References27

Problems28

CHAPTER 3 Measurement Systems with Electrical Signals34

3.1 Electrical Signal Measurement Systems34

3.2 Signal Conditioners35

3.2.1 General Characteristics of Signal Amplification36

3.2.2 Amplifiers Using Operational Amplifiers42

3.2.3 Signal Attenuation48

3.2.4 General Aspects of Signal Filtering50

3.2.5 Butterworth Filters Using Operational Amplifiers53

3.2.6 Circuits for Integration，Differentiation，and Comparison57

3.3 Indicating and Recording Devices58

3.3.1 Digital Voltmeters and Multimeters58

3.3.2 Oscilloscopes59

3.3.3 Strip-Chart Recorders61

3.3.4 Data Acquisition Systems62

3.4 Electrical Transmission of Signals Between Components63

3.4.1 Low-Level Analog Voltage Signal Transmission63

3.4.2 High-Level Analog Voltage Signal Transmission65

3.4.3 Current-Loop Analog Signal Transmission66

3.4.4 Digital Signal Transmission66

References67

Problems68

CHAPTER 4 Computerized Data-Acquisition Systems70

4.1 Introduction70

4.2 Computer Systems71

4.2.1 Computer Systems for Data Acquisition71

4.2.2 Components of Computer Systems72

4.2.3 Representing Numbers in Computer Systems74

4.3 Data-Acquisition Components77

4.3.1 Multiplexers77

4.3.2 Basics of Analog-to-Digital Converters78

4.3.3 Practical Analog-to-Digital Converters85

4.3.4 Digital-to-Analog Converters88

4.3.5 Simultaneous Sample-and-Hold Subsystems89

4.4 Configurations of Data-Acquisition Systems90

4.5 Software for Data-Acquisition Systems92

4.5.1 Commercial Software Packages92

References92

Problems93

CHAPTER 5 Discrete Sampling and Analysis of Time-Varying Signals95

5.1 Sampling-Rate Theorem95

5.2 Spectral Analysis of Time-Varying Signals100

5.3 Spectral Analysis Using the Fourier Transform105

5.4 Selecting the Sampling Rate and Filtering110

5.4.1 Selecting the Sampling Rate110

5.4.2 Use of Filtering to Limit Sampling Rate111

References115

Problems115

CHAPTER 6 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data118

6.1 Introduction118

6.2 General Concepts and Definitions120

6.2.1 Definitions120

6.2.2 Measures of Central Tendency122

6.2.3 Measures of Dispersion123

6.3 Probability124

6.3.1 Probability Distribution Functions125

6.3.2 Some Probability Distribution Functions with Engineering Applications129

6.4 Parameter Estimation139

6.4.1 Interval Estimation of the Population Mean140

6.4.2 Interval Estimation of the Population Variance146

6.5 Criterion for Rejecting Questionable Data Points149

6.6 Correlation of Experimental Data151

6.6.1 Correlation Coefficient151

6.6.2 Least-Squares Linear Fit155

6.6.3 Outliers in x—y Data Sets159

6.6.4 Linear Regression Using Data Transformation163

6.6.5 Multiple and Polynomial Regression164

6.7 Linear Functions of Random Variables168

6.8 Applying Computer Software for Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data169

References169

Problems170

CHAPTER 7 Experimental Uncertainty Analysis180

7.1 Introduction180

7.2 Propagation of Uncertainties—General Considerations180

7.3 Consideration of Systematic and Random Components of Uncertainty184

7.4 Sources of Elemental Error190

7.5 Uncertainty of the Final Results for Multiple-Measurement Experiments195

7.6 Uncertainty of the Final Result for Single-Measurement Experiments199

7.7 Step-by-Step Procedure for Uncertainty Analysis202

7.8 Interpreting Manufacturers’ Uncertainty Data203

7.9 Applying Uncertainty Analysis in Digital Data-Acquisition Systems204

7.10 Additional Considerations for Single-Measurement Experiments208

7.11 Closure210

References211

Problems211

CHAPTER 8 Measurement of Solid-Mechanical Quantities222

8.1 Measuring Strain222

8.1.1 Electrical Resistance Strain Gage222

8.1.2 Strain Gage Signal Conditioning227

8.2 Measuring Displacement232

8.2.1 Potentiometer232

8.2.2 Linear and Rotary Variable Differential Transformers233

8.2.3 Capacitive Displacement Sensor237

8.2.4 Digital Encoders239

8.3 Measuring Linear Velocity239

8.3.1 Linear Velocity Transducer239

8.3.2 Doppler Radar Velocity Measurement240

8.3.3 Velocity Determination Using Displacement and Acceleration Sensors241

8.4 Measuring Angular Velocity242

8.4.1 Electric Generator Tachometers242

8.4.2 Magnetic Pickup243

8.4.3 Stroboscopic Tachometer244

8.4.4 Photoelectric Tachometer245

8.5 Measuring Acceleration and Vibration245

8.5.1 Piezoelectric Accelerometers245

8.5.2 Strain-Gage Accelerometers248

8.5.3 Servo Accelerometer249

8.5.4 Vibrometer249

8.6 Measuring Force250

8.6.1 Load Cells250

8.6.2 Proving Rings252

8.7 Measuring Rotating Shaft Torque253

References255

Problems256

CHAPTER 9 Measuring Pressure，Temperature，and Humidity261

9.1 Measuring Pressure261

9.1.1 Traditional Pressure-Measuring Devices261

9.1.2 Pressure Transducers268

9.1.3 Measuring a Vacuum270

9.2 Measuring Temperature274

9.2.1 Thermocouples274

9.2.2 Resistance-Temperature Detectors281

9.2.3 Thermistor and Integrated-Circuit Temperature Sensors285

9.2.4 Mechanical Temperature-Sensing Devices286

9.2.5 Pyrometers and Infrared Thermometers289

9.2.6 Common Temperature-Measurement Errors293

9.3 Measuring Humidity298

9.3.1 Hygrometric Devices299

9.3.2 Dew-Point Devices299

9.3.3 Psychrometric Devices299

9.4 Fiber-Optic Devices301

9.4.1 Optical Fiber301

9.4.2 General Characteristics of Fiber-Optic Sensors303

9.4.3 Fiber-Optic Displacement Sensors304

9.4.4 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors305

9.4.5 Fiber Optic Pressure Sensors307

9.4.6 Other Fiber-Optic Sensors307

References308

Problems309

CHAPTER 10 Measuring Fluid Flow Rate，Fluid Velocity，Fluid Level，and Combustion Pollutants313

10.1 Systems for Measuring Fluid Flow Rate313

10.1.1 Pressure Differential Devices313

10.1.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters329

10.1.3 Turbine Flowmeters332

10.1.4 Mass Flowmeters333

10.1.5 Positive-Displacement Flowmeters336

10.1.6 Other Methods of Flow Measurement336

10.1.7 Calibrating Flowmeters340

10.2 Systems for Measuring Fluid Velocity341

10.2.1 Pitot-Static Probe341

10.2.2 Hot-Wire and Hot-Film Anemometers343

10.2.3 Fluid Velocity Measurement Using the Laser-Doppler Effect345

10.3 Measuring Fluid Level347

10.3.1 Buoyancy Devices348

10.3.2 Differential-Pressure Devices349

10.3.3 Capacitance Devices350

10.3.4 Conductance Devices351

10.3.5 Ultrasonic Devices351

10.3.6 Weight Methods352

10.4 Measuring Air Pollution Species352

10.4.1 Nondispersive Infrared Detectors353

10.4.2 Chemiluminescent Analyzers354

10.4.3 Flame Ionization Detectors355

10.4.4 Other Gas-Analysis Devices356

10.4.5 General Considerations about Sampling and Measuring Pollutant Gases357

References358

Problems359

CHAPTER 11 Dynamic Behavior of Measurement Systems363

11.1 Order of a Dynamic Measurement System363

11.2 Zero-Order Measurement Systems364

11.3 First-Order Measurement Systems364

11.3.1 Basic Equations365

11.3.2 Step Input365

11.3.3 Ramp Input366

11.3.4 Sinusoidal Input368

11.3.5 Thermocouple as a First-Order System368

11.4 Second-Order Measurement Systems373

11.4.1 Basic Equations373

11.4.2 Step Input374

11.4.3 Sinusoidal Input376

11.4.4 Force Transducer （Load Cell） as a Second-Order System377

11.4.5 Pressure-Measurement Devices as Second-Order Systems380

11.4.6 Second-Order Systems for Acceleration and Vibration388

11.5 Closure393

References394

Problems394

CHAPTER 12 Guidelines for Planning and Documenting Experiments397

12.1 Overview of an Experimental Program397

12.1.1 Problem Definition397

12.1.2 Experiment Design398

12.1.3 Experiment Construction and Development398

12.1.4 Data Gathering399

12.1.5 Data Analysis399

12.1.6 Interpreting Data and Reporting399

12.2 Common Activities in Experimental Projects399

12.2.1 Dimensional Analysis and Determining the Test Rig Scale399

12.2.2 Uncertainty Analysis403

12.2.3 Shakedown Tests403

12.2.4 Test Matrix and Test Sequence404

12.2.5 Scheduling and Cost Estimation408

12.2.6 Design Review412

12.2.7 Documenting Experimental Activities413

12.3 Closure421

References421

Answers to Selected Problems422

APPENDIX A Computational Methods for Chapter 5425

APPENDIX B Selected Properties of Substances429

Glossary434