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Chapter One· From Legal Transplants to Legal Translations：The Globalization of Plea Bargaining and the Americanization Thesis in Criminal Procedure·Maximo Langer3

Ⅰ. Introduction3

Ⅱ. Re-Conceptualizing the Adversarial and the Inquisitorial as Theoretical Categories10

A. Structures of Interpretation and Meaning13

B. Individual Dispositions16

C. Procedural Powers17

D. Other Elements of the Systems19

E. Points of Emphasis21

Ⅲ. The Content of the Dichotomy： Adversarial vs. Inquisitorial23

Ⅳ. Recent Reforms in the Inquisitorial System and the Americanization Thesis34

Ⅴ. The Circulation of Legal Ideas： From Legal Transplants to Legal Translations38

Ⅵ. Plea Bargaining as a Trojan Horse of the Adversarial System46

Ⅶ. German “Plea Bargaining”50

Ⅷ. Italian “Plea Bargaining”59

Ⅸ. Argentine “Plea Bargaining”68

Ⅹ. French “Plea Bargaining”74

ⅩⅠ. Conclusion： Fragmentation in the Civil Law？78

Chapter Two· Negotiated Justice in International Criminal Courts·Mirjan Damaska81

Ⅰ. The Confusing Complexity of the Current Legal Landscape81

Ⅱ. Attitudes of National Legal Systems toward Negotiated Justice： The Early History82

Ⅲ. Attitudes of National Legal Systems since the Nineteenth Century85

Ⅳ. Current Anglo-American v. Continental Approaches to Negotiated Justice88

Ⅴ. The Pros and Cons of Negotiated Justice91

Ⅵ. International Criminal Proceedings and Bargained Justice： Questions of Legitimacy and Desirability95

Ⅶ. Grounds Justifying Negotiated Justice in International Proceedings100

A. The Practice of the ICTY101

B. Negotiated Justice and the ICC102

Ⅷ. Which Model Is Best Suited to International Proceedings—The Continental in-Court Confession or the Anglo-American Guilty Plea？103

Chapter Three· The Entrenched Position of Plea Bargaining in United States Legal Practice·Jacqueline E. Ross107

Ⅰ. Introduction107

Ⅱ. The Legal Status of Plea Bargains： How Law Constrains and Facilitates Guilty Pleas108

Ⅲ. Market Models，Equity，and the Scholarly Controversy about Plea Bargaining114

Ⅳ. Conclusion123

Chapter Four· Plea Bargaining in Scotland： The Rise of Managerialism and the Fall of Due Process·Fiona Leverick125

Ⅰ. Organization of Criminal Procedure （More Serious Crimes）125

A. Pretrial Stage125

1. Form of Criminal Investigation125

2. Confessions and Admissions as Proof of Guilt：Interrogation Practice128

B. Trial Stage： Post-Charge133

Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure （Variations for Lesser Crimes）135

Ⅲ. Informal Mechanisms to Avoid the Full-Blown Trial137

Ⅳ. Pre-Trial Consensual Procedures138

A. Fiscal Fines138

B. Fixed Penalties140

C. Fiscal Compensation Orders141

D. Fiscal Work Orders142

Ⅴ. Diversion142

A. To a Social Worker，Psychiatrist or Psychologist142

B. Diversion to Victim-Offender Reconciliation143

Ⅵ. Guilty Pleas and Inducements144

Ⅶ. Historical Perspective and Comment149

A. Consensual Settlement in Scottish History149

B. The Effectiveness and Reception of Consensual Procedures149

C. Prospects for Future Reform154

Chapter Five· Absprachen in German Criminal Trials·Karsten Altenhain157

Ⅰ. Introduction157

Ⅱ. Procedural Basis for Bargaining157

A. Conditional Dismissals of Cases： Diversion158

B. Penal Orders158

C. Absprachen and the German Legality Principle159

Ⅲ. Procedural Aspects and Content of Absprachen160

Ⅳ. The Debate Surrounding the Legality of Absprachen161

A. Introduction161

B. Views in the Literature before the Leading Decision of the BGH162

C. The Seminal Decision of the BGH of August 28，1997164

D. The Acceptance of the Guidelines of the BGH in Practice166

1. Disclosure of the Absprache during the Trial166

2. Inclusion of All Participants167

3. Confession as Mitigation and the Appropriateness of the Punishment168

4. Assurance of the Voluntariness of Absprachen：Protection of Free Will169

5. The Court’s Fixing of a Maximum Sentence170

6. Prohibition of Absprachen as to Guilt171

7. Verification of the Confession171

8. Recording of the Absprache173

9. Prohibition of the Waiver of the Right to Appeal173

Ⅴ. Conclusion and Prospects for Statutory Regulation176

Addendum — Amendments to the StPO in 2009 to Allow Absprachen179

257b StPO179

257c StPO179

Chapter Six· Consensual，Abbreviated and Simplified Procedures in the Netherlands·Chrisje Brants181

Ⅰ. Introduction： The Essentially Inquisitorial Nature of Dutch Criminal Procedure181

Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure （More Serious Crimes）184

A. Pre-Trial Stage184

1. Form of Investigation184

2. Confessions and Admissions to Prove Guilt：Interrogation Practice189

3. Charging Decision，Review of Charge，Role of Victim192

B. Procedure in the Trial Court （Post-Charge）196

1. Prosecutor’s Ability to Dispose of the Case196

2. Defendant’s Ability to Dispose of the Case： Voeging ad informandum197

Ⅲ. Procedural Diversity Depending on the Seriousness of Crimes199

A. Procedure for the Most Serious Crimes199

B. Different Procedures for Less Serious Crimes200

Ⅳ. Formal and Informal Ways of Avoiding Trial202

A. Conditional Waiver of Prosecution （Diversion） and Transaction （transactie）202

B. Transaction and White Collar and Corporate Crime205

C. New Legislation Relating to Penal Orders206

Ⅴ. Victim-Offender Conciliation212

Ⅵ. Effect of Admissions of Guilt in Dutch Criminal Procedure213

Ⅶ. Conclusion216

Chapter Seven · Penal Orders，Confession-Triggered Summary219

Procedures and the Weakening of the Legality Principle in Denmark·Rasmus H. Wandall219

Ⅰ. Introduction219

Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure for Serious Crimes222

A. Pretrial stage222

1. Form of Criminal Investigation222

2. Confessions and Admissions as Proof of Guilt：Interrogation Practice224

3. The Right to Counsel226

4. Bargaining for Confessions227

5. The Charging Decision and Prosecutorial Discretion229

B. Trial Stage （Post Charge）231

1. The Prosecutor’s Power to Dismiss Charges231

2. The Effect of the Defendant’s Confession in Summary and Normal Procedures232

Ⅱ. Procedural Variations Depending on the Seriousness of the Crime233

A. Differences in the Composition of the Court233

B. Changes in the Pretrial Procedural Stage234

Ⅲ. Informal Mechanisms to Avoid the Full-Blown Trial235

Ⅳ. Penal Orders236

Ⅴ. Diversion238

Ⅵ. Victim-Offender Conciliation239

Ⅶ. Guilty Pleas and the Summary Trial Procedure240

Ⅷ. Conclusion244

Chapter Eight· Penal Orders，Victim-Offender Mediation，and Confession-Triggered Summary Procedures in Norway·Asbjorn Strandbakken245

Ⅰ. Organization of Criminal Procedure245

A. Pre-Trial Stage245

B. Procedure in the Trial Court249

Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure250

A. Procedure for More Serious Crimes250

B. Variations in Procedure Depending on the Seriousness of the Crime251

Ⅲ. Informal Mechanisms to Avoid Full Trial251

Ⅳ. Penal Orders252

Ⅴ. Diversion or Conditional Dismissals253

Ⅵ. Victim-Offender Mediation or Conciliation254

Ⅶ. Confessions and the Triggering of Simplified Procedure255

Ⅷ. Historical Perspective256

Chapter Nine· Consensual Procedures and the Avoidance of the Full-Fledged Trial in the Republic of Croatia·Davor Krapac259

Ⅰ. Introduction259

Ⅱ. The Procedural Context of Consensual and Trial-Simplifying Mechanisms260

A. Pretrial Stage260

1. Form of Criminal Investigation260

2. Interrogation of the Suspect/Accused262

3. Avoiding the Preliminary Investigation263

4. Prosecutorial Discretion264

5. Review of the Charging Decision269

B. Trial Stage （Post-Charge）269

1. Prosecutor’s Power to Dismiss269

2. Effect of Defendant’s Admission of Guilt270

3. Composition of the Trial Courts270

4. Alternative Procedures for Lesser Offenses271

5. Effects of Confessions，Guilty Pleas and Stipulations to the Charges during Full-Fledged and Summary Proceedings274

Ⅲ. Conclusion277

Chapter Ten· Consensual and Summary Procedures in Poland·Maria Rogacka-Rzewnicka279

Ⅰ. Introduction279

Ⅱ. General Summary of Polish Procedure281

Ⅲ. Ordinary and Summary Proceedings284

Ⅳ. The Role of the Victim in Polish Criminal Procedure286

Ⅴ. Consensual Forms of Criminal Procedure in Poland287

A. Introduction287

B. Mediation and Conciliation Agreements288

C. Stipulation to the Charges and Conviction without Trial291

D. Penal Orders294

Ⅴ. Conclusion295

Chapter Eleven· A Typology of Consensual Criminal Procedures： An Historical and Comparative Perspective on the Theory and Practice of Avoiding the Full Criminal Trial·Stephen C. Thaman297

Ⅰ. Introduction： The Historical Roots of Procedural Diversity297

A. The Historical Importance of Customary （Chthonic） Procedures： Emphasis on Victim-Offender Mediation297

B. Monarchic Centralization，Politicization of Criminal Law and Decline of Victim-Offender Mediation in Europe：Emphasis on Procedural Coercion of Confessions305

C. An Asian Detour： Official and Non-Official Systems of Dispute Resolution： Emphasis on Staying Out of Court314

D. Prelude to Modernity： The Enlightenment and the Development of the Anglo-American Adversarial Trial and the European Mixed-Inquisitorial System321

E. The Human Rights Revolution： Recognition of Defense Rights and the Right to Waive Them： Emphasis on Avoiding the Newly-Constituted Trial with All Its Guarantees326

F. Conclusion330

Ⅱ. Alternatives to the Full-Blown Trial in Modern Penal Systems331

A. Consensual Procedures Resulting in Dismissal with Conditions331

1. Diversion331

2. Victim-Offender Conciliation/Mediation335

B. Consensual Procedures Resulting in a Skipping of the Preliminary Investigation and Trial339

1. Penal Orders339

2. Pleas of Guilty and Nolo Contendere as Substitutes for the Criminal Trial342

C. Simplified and Abbreviated Trial Proceedings380

1. Abbreviated Trial Procedures Not Involving Admissions or Stipulations of Guilt380

2. Inducing and Bargaining for Confessions to Expedite and Simplify the Trial383

D. Conclusion393

Appendix· Codes of Criminal Procedure397

The Authors401

Index407