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Introduction2

Art as Craft2

Systems of Building3

Sculptural Techniques and Materials3

Painting Techniques and Materials5

Print-making7

Photography9

Pictorial Representation9

Perspective9

Color11

Style and Individual Expression13

Context： Function and Meaning14

The Power of Images16

Women Artists18

The History of Art20

PART ONE Foundations of Art24

CHAPTER ONE Before History24

TIM ECHART24

The Art of the Hunters25

MAP Prehistoric Europe and West Asia26

Cave Art27

Mesolithic Art33

The Art of Farmers33

CONTEXT atal Hüyük： A Neolithic Town34

Neolithic Architecture37

Stonehenge38

CHAPTER TWO The Early Civilizations40

TIM ECHART40

Mesopotamia41

Sumer41

MAP Ancient West Asia43

Akkadian Art45

Ziggurats46

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Gudea’s Dream47

Babylon48

The Indus Valley49

Ancient Egypt52

Predynastic52

MAP Ancient Egypt53

Early Dynastic54

Old Kingdom Architecture55

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts58

Old Kingdom Sculpture and Painting59

Middle Kingdom63

The Aegean65

MAP The Ancient Aegean65

Minoan Crete66

Mycenae and the Mainland71

CONTEXTThe Homeric World74

China75

Shang Dynasty75

MAP Ancient China76

CHAPTER THREE Developments Across the Continents80

The Hittites80

TIMECHART80

The Discovery of Iron82

MAP Anatolia， Syria and Mesopotamia83

The New Kingdom in Ancient Egypt83

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Thutmosis Instructs his Vizier85

IN CONTEXT Hatshepsut： Women in Ancient Egypt86

New Kingdom Architecture88

Akhenaten90

Ramesside Art93

Assyria and Babylon95

Narrative Relief98

Babylon100

Iran102

Achaemenid Art102

Persepolis104

Zhou China106

The Americas109

MAP Ancient Mesoamerica109

The Olmecs110

Peru111

MAP Ancient Peru112

IN CONTEXT Chavin de Huantar： Religion and Society， in Ancient Peru113

Africa： Nok Culture115

CHAPTER FOUR The Greeks and Their Neighbours116

TIMECHART116

Archaic Greece117

MAP Ancient Greece118

The Male Nude121

The Polis125

The Classical Period126

The Parthenon126

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Pausanias on the Parthenon128

IN CONTEXT The Delphi Charioteer： Ancient Greek Religion and Athletics134

Naturalism and Idealization138

CONCEPTS The Ideal： Idealism， Proportion and the ‘Canon’139

Vase Painting143

Stelae145

The Late Classical Period146

Barbarian Alternatives： Scythians and the Animal Style149

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Organic Growth and Urban Planning from Jericho to Athens150

Hallstattand LaTene154

Iberia and Sardinia156

The Etruscans157

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Pliny on Etruscan Sculpture161

CHAPTER FIVE Hellenistic and Roman Art165

TIMECHART165

MAP Etruscan and Roman Italy167

The Hellenistic Period167

Plato， Aristotle and the Arts169

Allegory173

Hellenistic Architecture175

Hellenistic and Roman Painting and Mosaics178

IN CONTExT Roman Luxury： Silver and Cameo Glass179

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Vitruvius on Roman Painting183

Roman Architecture185

Domestic Architecture186

Temples and Public Works187

URBAN DEVELOPMENTThe Roman City：From the Republic to the Late Empire188

The Colosseum and the Invention of Concrete191

The Pantheon193

Roman Sculpture195

Towards a Definition of Roman Art196

IN CONTExT Family Piety： The Roman Portrait Bust200

Late Antique Art207

PART TWO Art and the World Religions216

CHAPTER SIX Buddhism， Hinduism and the Arts of South and East Asia216

TIMECHART216

Buddhist Art in India219

MAP India219

IN CONTExTThe Life ofthe Buddha： Scriptures and Images222

The lmage of Buddha224

Hindu Art in India230

CONCEPTS The Divine： From Apollo to Vishnu233

IN CONTExT Ellora： An Architect-Sculptor’s Summit237

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS KonarakTemple Building Accounts238

Buddhist and Hindu Art in Sri Lanka and Java244

MAP South-East Asia244

Buddhist and Hindu Art on the South-East Asian Mainland249

Confucian， Daoistand Buddhist Art in China255

Han Dynasty255

IN CONTEXT Confucius： Han ReliefCarving258

Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties265

Song Dynasty268

Landscape Painting272

Shinto and Buddhist Art in Japan277

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS The Nihongi on the First Buddhist images in Japan279

The Heian， Fujiwara and Kamakura Periods （794-1333）282

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Lady Murasaki on Calligraphy285

CHAPTER SEVEN Early Christian and Byzantine Art288

TIMECHART288

The Beginnings of Christian Art289

IN CONTEXT The Catacombs： Early Christian Art292

From Domus Ecclesiae to the Christian Basilica294

The Image of Christ297

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Agnellus on S Apollinare Nuovo300

Ravenna303

Byzantine Art306

Ecclesiastical Architecture306

MAP The Byzantine World307

Hagia Sophia307

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Constantinople： The Creation ofa Christian Imperial Capital City308

The Classical Tradition313

Icons and Iconoclasts315

The Triumph of Orthodoxy316

IN CONTExTThe Virgin： The First Images318

Christian Art in Northern Europe320

Interlace and Illumination322

Christian Art in Western Europe324

The Carolingian Renovatio326

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Einhard on the Palatine Chapel327

CONTEXT Monasticism： East and West328

Developments in Christian Imagery329

CHAPTER EIGHT Early Islamic Art333

TIMECHART333

MAP The Islamic World334

Umayyad Art and Architecture336

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS The Byzantine Ambassadors Visit Baghdad341

Abbasid Art and Architecture342

Islamic Spain345

Samanid and SeljukArchitecture348

Islamic Decoration349

IN CONTEXT The Madrasa： Architecture for Education350

PART THREE Sacred and Secular Art356

CHAPTER NINE Medieval Christendom356

TIMECHART356

MAP Western Europe in the Middle Ages358

Ottonian Art359

Romanesque Architecture in Italy362

Romanesque Art and Architecture in Northern Europe366

Innovations in Romanesque Architecture373

Gothic Art and Architecture375

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Abbot Suger Finds Columns and Beams for St-Denis376

IN CONTEXT The Gothic Cathedral： The New Jerusalem378

High Gothic380

Stained Glass and Flying Buttresses381

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Medieval Towns：Commercial Prosperity and Civic Pride382

Economics and Theology387

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Abbot Haymo and the ‘Cult ofthe Carts’ at Chartres387

Sculpture and Painting388

English and German Gothic391

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Piers Plowman on Stained Glass and Opus Angcanum392

Italian Gothic393

IN CONTEXT St Francis and St Clare396

Giotto403

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS The Monks in Padua Complain about the Scrovegni Chapel405

Secular and International Gothic408

CHAPTER TEN The Fifteenth Century in Europe416

TIMECHART416

The Beginnings of the Italian Renaissance417

MAP Renaissance Italy418

Brunelleschi418

Masaccio420

‘Progress’ in Sculpture421

A New Style in Flanders424

Van Eyck and van der Weyden424

IN CONTEXTThe Ghent Altarpiece： Jan van Eyck and his Patrons426

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Bartolommeo Fazio on Jan van Eyck430

Architecture in Italy430

Alberti431

Sculpture in Italy433

Donatello433

New Departures434

Italian Painting and the Church438

Fra Angelico， Uccello and Piero della Francesca439

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Filippino Lippi and Filippo Strozzi： Financial and other Problems over the Strozzi Chapel441

Secular Painting443

Botticelli445

The Venetian Synthesis449

Mantegna and Bellini449

International Humanism453

Dürer453

IN CONTEXT Bellini and Carpaccio： Corporate Patronage in Renaissance Venice454

CHAPTER ELEVEN The Sixteenth Century in Europe457

TIMECHART457

Reform and Early Sixteenth-Century Art in the North458

Hieronymus Bosch460

Grünewald461

Protestant Art463

The High Renaissance in Italy466

Leonardo da Vinci466

Harmony， Unity and Raphael469

IN CONTEXT Bramante’s Tempietto： Alberti，Leonardo and the Ideal Renaissance Church472

Michelangelo474

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Michelangelo’s David：Contract and Installation475

The Venetian High Renaissance485

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Renaissance Urbanism：The Rome of Sixtus V486

Giorgione488

Titian489

Tintoretto and Veronese492

Sansovino， Palladio and the Laws of Harmony493

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Veronese’s Interroga-tion by the Inquisition494

Mannerism and Mannerisms497

Correggio and Mannerist ‘Licence’497

Pieter Bruegel the Elder502

El Greco503

IN CONTEXT Pieter Bruegel’s Months： Patronagein Flanders504

CHAPTER TWELVE The Americas， Africa and Asia507

TIMECHART507

Mesoamerica and Peru508

MAP Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica509

The Maya， Toltecs and Mixtecs510

The Aztecs513

The Incas516

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Cortés and Dürer on Mexico and Montezuma’sTreasure517

Africa519

MAP Africa519

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Dapper on Benin523

The Islamic World524

Ottoman Architecture528

Safavid Art and Architecture529

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Isfahan and Samarkand：Islamic Urban Design534

Mughal Art and Architecture536

CONTEXT Nur-Jahan and Jahangir： Art at the Mughal Court540

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Domingo Paes on Vijayanagar544

China545

The Yuan Dynas545

The Ming Dynas549

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Dong Qichang on Painting： The Study of Nature and Old Masters555

Japan-Kamakura to Edo556

MAPJapan557

The Influence of Zen Buddhism558

CONTEXT Namban Screens： The Japanese Encounter with Europeans562

CHAPTER THIRTEEN The Seventeenth Century in Europe567

TIMECHART567

New Beginnings in Rome568

CONCEPTS Nature， Imitation and Invention： The Formation ofAcademicTheory570

Baroque Art and Architecture571

Rubens and van Dyck572

IN CONTEXT The Jesuit Missions： Evangelization and Colonization576

The Easel Painting in Italy578

Bernini580

Borromini583

Poussin and Claude585

Velázquez588

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Pacheco on Art in the Service of Religion590

Dutch Painting591

Hals591

Rembrandt592

Landscape595

IN CONTEXT Rembrandt’s‘Hundred-Guilder Print’： The Development of Graphic Processes596

Still Life and Genre600

Vermeer602

England and France603

CHAPTER FOURTEEN Enlightenment and Liberty607

TIMECHART607

French Rococo Art608

Watteau， de Troy and the Rococo Interior609

Boucher， Chardin and Fragonard612

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Diderot on Boucher，Greuze and Chardin612

IN CONTEXT Fragonard and Greuze： Sex Objects and Virtuous Mothers614

The Rococo in Germany and Italy616

Tiepolo， Guardi and Canaletto619

English Sense and Sensibility622

Hogarth and Gainsborough622

Landscape and Classicism623

Neoclassicism， or the ‘True Style’627

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Washington and Jefferson： Antique versus Modern Dress629

Canova and David630

PART FOUR The Making of the Modern World636

CHAPTER FIFTEEN Romanticism to Realism636

TIMECHART636

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Factories and Public Parks：OWen， Nash and Olmsted638

Romanticism640

The Heirs of David642

Goya644

Géricault646

Ingres647

Delacroix648

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Heine on Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People651

Romanticism and Philosophy651

Friedrich651

Blake652

Romantic Landscape Painting653

Constable653

Turner654

IN CONTEXT Turner’s Slave Ship： Images of Slavery656

Corot and the Etude658

Photography659

In which Style should we Build？662

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Pugin on thePrinciples ofChristian Architecture664

Historicism and Realism665

The Pre-Raphaelites666

Courbet666

CONCEPTS Art forArt’s Sake： Aestheticism versus Realism668

Millet669

Manet670

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Baudelaire： ‘What is the good ofcriticism？’670

The USA674

IN CONTEXT Caleb Bingham’s Fur Traders： Art and the Frontier678

Photography Comes of Age681

CHAPTER SIXTEEN Eastern Traditions686

TIMECHART686

Qing-dynasty China687

IN CONTEXT Wang Hui and Others， Portrait of An Qi： Painters and Patrons under the Qing Dynasty689

Architecture and the Decorative Arts690

Japan in the Edo Period693

Hokusai and Hiroshige695

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Hokusai and Frank Lloyd Wright on the japanese Print698

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Impressionism to Post-Impressionism700

TIMECHART700

Impressionism701

Monet704

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Laforgue on Impressionism705

Morisot， Renoir and Manet705

IN CONTEXT Degas and Manet： City Lights and the Exploitation ofWomen708

Degas710

Japonisme712

Neo-Impressionism715

Seurat， Divisionism and Socialism715

Symbolism717

Gaugin and van Gogh718

Allegories of Modern Life： Munch and Rodin720

Art Nouveau and the New Architecture723

Sullivan and the Skyscraper725

IN CONTEXT The Crystal Palace and the Statue of Liberty： Metal and New Building Methods726

Domestic Architecture728

Cézanne729

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Cézanne to Emile Bernard730

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Indigenous Arts of Africa， the Americas，Australia and Oceania734

TIMECHART734

Oceania736

MAP Oceania736

Polynesia736

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Captain Cook and the Arts ofthe Pacific739

Melanesia and Micronesia742

Australia744

The North American North-West Coast746

IN CONTEXT A Shaman’s Mask： Art and the Supernatural748

The Plains and the Arid Lands of North America750

Africa752

IN CONTEXT A Complex Legacy： The European Presence in African Art756

PART FIVE Twentieth-Century Art and Beyond768

CHAPTER NINETEEN Art from 1900 to 1919768

TIMECHART768

New Ways of Looking769

IN CONTEXT Picasso’s Demoiselles： Anarchism，Colonialism and Art as Exorcism772

The Fauves and Expressionism774

Matisse775

The German Expressionists776

Kandinsky779

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Kandinsky on Color780

Marc781

Cubism782

Picasso and Braque： Analytical and Synthetic Cubism782

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Braque and Picasso on Cubism785

Orphic Cubism789

Futurism790

Abstract or Non-Objective Art793

Suprematism and the Founding of De Stijl793

Architecture795

Frank Lloyd Wright795

CHAPTER TWENTY Between the Two World Wars798

TIMECHART798

Dada and Surrealism799

Duchamp800

America and the Precisionist View803

Diego Rivera and the Mexican Muralists805

IN CONTExr Orozco， Rivera and Siqueiros：Art and Politics806

Breton， de Chirico and Ernst808

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Louis Aragon， Max Ernst and Others Issue a Surrealist Declaration809

Dali， Magritte and Miró810

Welded Metal： A Revolution in Sculpture813

Photography and Modern Movements815

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Walter Benjamin on Photography815

Constructivism， De Stijl and the Interna-tional Style819

Art and Revolution819

The Bauhaus821

SOURCES AND DOCUMENTS Walter Gropius on the Bauhaus821

Mondrian823

Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe825

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Cities ofthe Future： Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright826

Brancusi and Moore828

Art Deco830

CHAPTER TWENTY ONE Post-War to Post-Modern832

TIMECHART832

Abstract Expressionism833

Pollock and de Kooning835

Still， Rothko and Neuman837

European Survivors840

Post-Painterly Abstraction841

JasperJohns and Robert Rauschenberg843

CONCEPTS Modernism and Formalism844

Pop Art845

Photographic Imagery848

Minimal Art851

Conceptual Art853

Arte Povera855

Body Art and Process Art857

Earth and Land Art858

Photo-Realism and New Image Painting861

Modernism and Post-Modernism865

CHAPTER TWENTY TWO Into the Third Millennium870

TIMECHART870

Questioning Modernism872

Neo-Expressionism877

Art as Identity883

Post-Modern Multiculturalism888

Video and the Post-Medium Condition895

Photography and the Construction of Reality899

Abjection904

Function and Value907

The New Museums of Art908

URBAN DEVELOPMENT Berlin and its International Building Exhibitions912

Art after Post-Modernism914

Globalization， Sensation and Spectacle921

The Turn ofthe Millennium928