Linux程序设计 英文版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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PART Ⅰ Files and Users1

Chapter 1 Introduction3

1.1 The Linux/Unix File Model4

1.1.1 Files and Permissions4

1.1.2 Directories and Filenames6

1.1.3 Executable Files7

1.1.4 Devices9

1.2 The Linux/Unix Process Model10

1.2.1 Pipes：Hooking Processes Together12

1.3 Standard C vs.Original C12

1.4 Why GNU Programs Are Better14

1.4.1 Program Design15

1.4.2 Program Behavior16

1.4.3 C Code Programming16

1.4.4 Things That Make a GNU Program Better17

1.4.5 Parting Thoughts about the"GNU Coding Standards"19

1.5 Portability Revisited19

1.6 Suggested Reading20

1.7 Summary21

Exercises22

Chapter 2 Arguments,Options,and the Environment23

2.1 Option and Argument Conventions24

2.1.1 POSIX Conventions25

2.1.2 GNU Long Options27

2.2 Basic Command-Line Processing28

2.2.1 The V7 echo Program29

2.3 Option Parsing：getopt()and getopt_long()30

2.3.1 Single-Letter Options30

2.3.2 GNU getopt()and Option Ordering33

2.3.3 Long Options34

2.3.3.1 Long Options Table34

2.3.3.2 Long Options,POSIX Style37

2.3.3.3 getopt_long()Return Value Summary37

2.3.3.4 GNU getopt()or getopt_long()in User Programs39

2.4 The Environment40

2.4.1 Environment Management Functions41

2.4.2 The Entire Environment：environ43

2.4.3 GNU env44

2.5 Summary49

Exercises50

Chapter 3 User-Level Memory Management51

3.1 Linux/Unix Address Space52

3.2 Memory Allocation56

3.2.1 Library Calls：malloc(),calloc(),realloc(),free()56

3.2.1.1 Examining C Language Details57

3.2.1.2 Initially Allocating Memory：malloc()58

3.2.1.3 Releasing Memory：free()60

3.2.1.4 Changing Size：realloc()62

3.2.1.5 Allocating and Zero-filling：calloc()65

3.2.1.6 Summarizing from the GNU Coding Standards66

3.2.1.7 Using Private Allocators67

3.2.1.8 Example：Reading Arbitrarily Long Lines67

3.2.1.9 GLIBC Only：Reading Entire Lines：getline()and getdelim()73

3.2.2 String Copying：strdup()74

3.2.3 System Calls：brk()and sbrk()75

3.2.4 Lazy Programmer Calls：alloca()76

3.2.5 Address Space Examination78

3.3 Summary80

Exercises81

Chapter 4 Files and File I/O83

4.1 Introducing the Linux/Unix I/O Model84

4.2 Presenting a Basic Program Structure84

4.3 Determining What Went Wrong86

4.3.1 Values for errno87

4.3.2 Error Message Style90

4.4 Doing Input and Output91

4.4.1 Understanding File Descriptors92

4.4.2 Opening and Closing Files93

4.4.2.1 Mapping FILE Variables to File Descriptors95

4.4.2.2 Closing All Open Files96

4.4.3 Reading and Writing96

4.4.4 Example：Unix cat99

4.5 Random Access：Moving Around within a File102

4.6 Creating Files106

4.6.1 Specifying Initial File Permissions106

4.6.2 Creating Files with creat()109

4.6.3 Revisiting open()110

4.7 Forcing Data to Disk113

4.8 Setting File Length114

4.9 Summary115

Exercises115

Chapter 5 Directories and File Metadata117

5.1 Considering Directory Contents118

5.1.1 Definitions118

5.1.2 Directory Contents120

5.1.3 Hard Links122

5.1.3.1 The GNU link Program123

5.1.3.2 Dot and Dot-Dot125

5.1.4 File Renaming125

5.1.5 File Removal126

5.1.5.1 Removing Open Files127

5.1.5.2 Using ISO C：remove()127

5.1.6 Symbolic Links128

5.2 Creating and Removing Directories130

5.3 Reading Directories132

5.3.1 Basic Directory Reading133

5.3.1.1 Portability Considerations136

5.3.1.2 Linux and BSD Directory Entries137

5.3.2 BSD Directory Positioning Functions138

5.4 Obtaining Information about Files139

5.4.1 Linux File Types139

5.4.2 Retrieving File Information141

5.4.3 Linux Only：Specifying Higher-Precision File Times143

5.4.4 Determining File Type144

5.4.4.1 Device Information147

5.4.4.2 The V7 cat Revisited150

5.4.5 Working with Symbolic Links151

5.5 Changing Ownership,Permission,and Modification Times155

5.5.1 Changing File Ownership：chown(),fchown(),and lchown()155

5.5.2 Changing Permissions：chmod()and fchmod()156

5.5.3 Changing Timestamps：utime()157

5.5.3.1 Faking utime(file,NULL)159

5.5.4 Using fchown()and fchmod()for Security161

5.6 Summary162

Exercises163

Chapter 6 General Library Interfaces—Part 1165

6.1 Times and Dates166

6.1.1 Retrieving the Current Time：time()and difftime()167

6.1.2 Breaking Down Times：gmtime()and localtime()168

6.1.3 Formatting Dates and Times170

6.1.3.1 Simple Time Formatting：asctime()and ctime()170

6.1.3.2 Complex Time Formatting：strftime()171

6.1.4 Converting a Broken-Down Time to a time_t176

6.1.5 Getting Time-Zone Information178

6.1.5.1 BSD Systems Gotcha：timezone(),Not timezone179

6.2 Sorting and Searching Functions181

6.2.1 Sorting：qsort()181

6.2.1.1 Example：Sorting Employees183

6.2.1.2 Example：Sorting Directory Contents188

6.2.2 Binary Searching：bsearch()191

6.3 User and Group Names195

6.3.1 User Database196

6.3.2 Group Database199

6.4 Terminals：isatty()202

6.5 Suggested Reading203

6.6 Summary203

Exercises205

Chapter 7 Putting It All Together：ls207

7.1 V7 ls Options208

7.2 V7 ls Code209

7.3 Summary225

Exercises226

Chapter 8 Filesystems and Directory Walks227

8.1 Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems228

8.1.1 Reviewing the Background228

8.1.2 Looking at Different Filesystem Types232

8.1.3 Mounting Filesystems：mount236

8.1.4 Unmounting Filesystems：umount237

8.2 Files for Filesystem Administration238

8.2.1 Using Mount Options239

8.2.2 Working with Mounted Filesystems：getmntent()241

8.3 Retrieving Per-Filesystem Information244

8.3.1 POSIX Style：statvfs()and fstatvfs()244

8.3.2 Linux Style：statfs()and fstatfs()252

8.4 Moving Around in the File Hierarchy256

8.4.1 Changing Directory：chdir()and fchdir()256

8.4.2 Getting the Current Directory：getcwd()258

8.4.3 Walking a Hierarchy：nftw()260

8.4.3.1 The nftw()Interface261

8.4.3.2 The nftw()Callback Function263

8.5 Walking a File Tree：GNU du269

8.6 Changing the Root Directory：chroot()276

8.7 Summary277

Exercises278

PART Ⅱ Processes,IPC,and Internationalization281

Chapter 9 Process Management and Pipes283

9.1 Process Creation and Management284

9.1.1 Creating a Process：fork()284

9.1.1.1 After the fork()：Shared and Distinct Attributes285

9.1.1.2 File Descriptor Sharing286

9.1.1.3 File Descriptor Sharing and close()288

9.1.2 Identifying a Process：getpid()and getppid()289

9.1.3 Setting Process Priority：nice()291

9.1.3.1 POSIX vs.Reality293

9.1.4 Starting New Programs：The exec()Family293

9.1.4.1 The execve()System Call294

9.1.4.2 Wrapper Functions：execl()et al295

9.1.4.3 Program Names and argv[0]297

9.1.4.4 Attributes Inherited across exec()298

9.1.5 Terminating a Process300

9.1.5.1 Defining Process Exit Status300

9.1.5.2 Returning from main()301

9.1.5.3 Exiting Functions302

9.1.6 Recovering a Child's Exit Status305

9.1.6.1 Using POSOX Functions：wait()and waitpid()306

9.1.6.2 Using BSD Functions：wait3()and wait4()310

9.2 Process Groups312

9.2.1 Job Control Overview312

9.2.2 Process Group Identification：getpgrp()and getpgid()314

9.2.3 Process Group Setting：setpgid()and setpgrp()314

9.3 Basic Interprocess Communication：Pipes and FIFOs315

9.3.1 Pipes315

9.3.1.1 Creating Pipes316

9.3.1.2 Pipe Buffering318

9.3.2 FIFOs319

9.4 File Descriptor Management320

9.4.1 Duplicating Open Files：dup()and dup2()321

9.4.2 Creating Nonlinear Pipelines：/dev/fd/XX326

9.4.3 Managing File Attributes：fcntl()328

9.4.3.1 The Close-on-exec Flag329

9.4.3.2 File Descriptor Duplication331

9.4.3.3 Manipulation of File Status Flags and Access Modes332

9.4.3.4 Nonblocking I/O for Pipes and FIFOs333

9.4.3.5 fcntl()Summary336

9.5 Example：Two-Way Pipes in gawk337

9.6 Suggested Reading341

9.7 Summary342

Exercises344

Chapter 10 Signals347

10.1 Introduction348

10.2 Signal Actions348

10.3 Standard C Signals：signal()and raise()349

10.3.1 The signal()Function349

10.3.2 Sending Signals Programmatically：raise()353

10.4 Signal Handlers in Action353

10.4.1 Traditional Systems353

10.4.2 BSD and GNU/Linux356

10.4.3 Ignoring Signals356

10.4.4 Restartable System Calls357

10.4.4.1 Example：GNU Coreutils safe_read()and safe_write()359

10.4.4.2 GLIBC Only：TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY()360

10.4.5 Race Conditions and sig_atomic_t(ISO C)361

10.4.6 Additional Caveats363

10.4.7 Our Story So Far,Episode I363

10.5 The System V Release 3 Signal APIs：sigset()et al365

10.6 POSIX Signals367

10.6.1 Uncovering the Problem367

10.6.2 Signal Sets：sigset_t and Related Functions368

10.6.3 Managing the Signal Mask：sigprocmask()et al369

10.6.4 Catching Signals：sigaction()370

10.6.5 Retrieving Pending Signals：sigpending()375

10.6.6 Making Functions Interruptible：siginterrupt()376

10.6.7 Sending Signals：kill()and killpg()376

10.6.8 Our Story So Far.Episode Ⅱ378

10.7 Signals for Interprocess Communication379

10.8 Important Special-Purpose Signals382

10.8.1 Alarm Clocks：sleep(),alarm(),and SIGALRM382

10.8.1.1 Harder but with More Control：alarm()and SIGALRM382

10.8.1.2 Simple and Easy：sleep()383

10.8.2 Job Control Signals383

10.8.3 Parental Supervision：Three Different Strategies385

10.8.3.1 Poor Parenting：Ignoring Children Completely385

10.8.3.2 Permissive Parenting：Supervising Minimally386

10.8.3.3 Strict Parental Control393

10.9 Signals Across fork()and exec()398

10.10 Summary399

Exercises401

Chapter 11 Permissions and User and Group ID Numbers403

11.1 Checking Permissions404

11.1.1 Real and Effective IDs405

11.1.2 Setuid and Setgid Bits406

11.2 Retrieving User and Group IDs407

11.3 Checking As the Real User：access()410

11.4 Checking as the Effective User：euidaccess()(GLIBC)412

11.5 Setting Extra Permission Bits for Directories412

11.5.1 Default Group for New Files and Directories412

11.5.2 Directories and the Sticky Bit414

11.6 Setting Real and Effective IDs415

11.6.1 Changing the Group Set416

11.6.2 Changing the Real and Effective IDs416

11.6.3 Using the Setuid and Setgid Bits419

11.7 Working with All Three IDs：getresuid()and setresuid()(Linux)421

11.8 Crossing a Security Minefield：Setuid root422

11.9 Suggested Reading423

11.10 Summary424

Exercises426

Chapter 12 General Library Interfaces—Part 2427

12.1 Assertion Statements：assert()428

12.2 Low-Level Memory：The memXXX()Functions432

12.2.1 Setting Memory：memset()432

12.2.2 Copying Memory：memcpy(),memmove(),and memccpy()433

12.2.3 Comparing Memory Blocks：memcmp()434

12.2.4 Searching for a Byte Value：memchr()435

12.3 Temporary Files436

12.3.1 Generating Temporary Filenames(Bad)437

12.3.2 Creating and Opening Temporary Files(Good)441

12.3.3 Using the TMPDIR Environment Variable443

12.4 Committing Suicide：abort()445

12.5 Nonlocal Gotos446

12.5.1 Using Standard Functions：setjmp()and longjmp()447

12.5.2 Handling Signal Masks：sigsetjmp()and siglongjmp()449

12.5.3 Observing Important Caveats450

12.6 Pseudorandom Numbers454

12.6.1 Standard C：rand()and srand()455

12.6.2 POSIX Functions：random()and srandom()457

12.6.3 The/dev/random and/dev/urandom Special Files460

12.7 Metacharacter Expansions461

12.7.1 Simple Pattern Matching：fnmatch()462

12.7.2 Filename Expansion：glob()and globfree()464

12.7.3 Shell Word Expansion：wordexp()and wordfree()470

12.8 Regular Expressions471

12.9 Suggested Reading480

12.10 Summary481

Exercises482

Chapter 13 Internationalization and Localization485

13.1 Introduction486

13.2 Locales and the C Library487

13.2.1 Locale Categories and Environment Variables487

13.2.2 Setting the Locale：setlocale()489

13.2.3 String Collation：strcoll()and strxfrm()490

13.2.4 Low-Level Numeric and Monetary Formatting：localeconv()494

13.2.5 High-Level Numeric and Monetary Formatting：strfmon()and printf()498

13.2.6 Example：Formatting Numeric Values in gawk501

13.2.7 Formatting Date and Time Values：ctime()and strftime()503

13.2.8 Other Locale Information：nl_langinfo()504

13.3 Dynamic Translation of Program Messages507

13.3.1 Setting the Text Domain：textdomain()507

13.3.2 Translating Messages：gettext()508

13.3.3 Working with Plurals：ngettext()509

13.3.4 Making gettext()Easy to Use510

13.3.4.1 Portable Programs："gettext.h:511

13.3.4.2 GLIBC Only：＜libintl.h＞513

13.3.5 Rearranging Word Order with printf()514

13.3.6 Testing Translations in a Private Directory515

13.3.7 Preparing Internationalized Programs516

13.3.8 Creating Translations517

13.4 Can You Spell That for Me,Please?521

13.4.1 Wide Characters523

13.4.2 Multibyte Character Encodings523

13.4.3 Languages524

13.4.4 Conclusion525

13.5 Suggested Reading526

13.6 Summary526

Exercises527

Chapter 14 Extended Interfaces529

14.1 Allocating Aligned Memory：posix_memalign()and memalign()530

14.2 Locking Files531

14.2.1 File Locking Concepts531

14.2.2 POSIX Locking：fcntl()and lockf()533

14.2.2.1 Describing a Lock533

14.2.2.2 Obtaining and Releasing Locks536

14.2.2.3 Observing Locking Caveats538

14.2.3 BSD Locking：flock()539

14.2.4 Mandatory Locking540

14.3 More Precise Times543

14.3.1 Microsecond Times：gettimeofday()544

14.3.2 Microsecond File Times：utimes()545

14.3.3 Interval Timers：setitimer()and getitimer()546

14.3.4 More Exact Pauses：nanosleep()550

14.4 Advanced Searching with Binary Trees551

14.4.1 Introduction to Binary Trees551

14.4.2 Tree Management Functions554

14.4.3 Tree Insertion：tsearch()554

14.4.4 Tree Lookup and Use of A Returned Pointer：tfind()and tsearch()555

14.4.5 Tree Traversal：twalk()557

14.4.6 Tree Node Removal and Tree Deletion：tdelete()and tdestroy()561

14.5 Summary562

Exercises563

PART Ⅲ Debugging and Final project565

Chapter 15 Debugging567

15.1 First Things First568

15.2 Compilation for Debugging569

15.3 GDB Basics570

15.3.1 Running GDB571

15.3.2 Setting Breakpoints,Single-Stepping,and Setting Watchpoints574

15.4 Programming for Debugging577

15.4.1 Compile-Time Debugging Code577

15.4.1.1 Use Debugging Macros577

15.4.1.2 Avoid Expression Macros If Possible580

15.4.1.3 Reorder Code If Necessary582

15.4.1.4 Use Debugging Helper Functions584

15.4.1.5 Avoid Unions When Possible591

15.4.2 Runtime Debugging Code595

15.4.2.1 Add Debugging Options and Variables595

15.4.2.2 Use Special Environment Variables597

15.4.2.3 Add Logging Code601

15.4.2.4 Runtime Debugging Files602

15.4.2.5 Add Special Hooks for Breakpoints603

15.5 Debugging Tools605

15.5.1 The dbug Library—A Sophisticated printf()606

15.5.2 Memory Allocation Debuggers612

15.5.2.1 GNU/Linux mtrace613

15.5.2.2 Electric Fence614

15.5.2.3 Debugging Malloc：dmalloc619

15.5.2.4 Valgrind：A Versatile Tool623

15.5.2.5 Other Malloc Debuggers629

15.5.3 A Modern lint631

15.6 Software Testing632

15.7 Debugging Rules633

15.8 Suggested Reading637

15.9 Summary638

Exercises639

Chapter 16 A Project That Ties Everything Together641

16.1 Project Description642

16.2 Suggested Reading644

PART Ⅳ Appendixes647

Appendix A Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years649

Appendix B Caldera Ancient UNIX License655

Appendix C GNU General Public License657

Index667