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1 Introduction1

Ⅰ Method2

A Fit3

B Coherence5

C Morality7

D Transparency8

Ⅱ Conclusion10

2 Rationales Behind Disgorgement Damages11

Ⅰ Introduction11

Ⅱ Compensatory Rationale14

A Compensation for Loss15

B Substitutive Compensation18

ⅰ Compensation for a Lost Right18

ⅱ Rights-based Analysis23

C Conclusion25

Ⅲ Deterrent Rationale26

A Deterrence and the Nature of Contractual Obligation27

B Deterrence and Efficiency29

C Deterrence and Substitutability31

Ⅳ Retributive Rationale32

A The Retributive Aspect of Disgorgement Damages33

B Digital Pulse and Punishment35

C ‘Cynical Breach' and the Retributive Rationale40

ⅰ The Nature of ‘Cynical Breach'41

ⅱ Reasons Against ‘Cynical Breach' as a Criterion42

ⅲ Reasons For ‘Cynical Breach' as a Criterion43

ⅳ Moving from ‘Cynical Breach' to ‘Advertent Breach'44

D Retribution, Desert, Mercy and Bars to Relief46

Ⅴ Conclusion46

3 The Claimant's ‘Legitimate Interest' and the Role of Substitutability48

Ⅰ Introduction48

Ⅱ The ‘Legitimate Interest' Test and Substitutability52

Ⅲ Policies behind the Primary Duty to Perform Contracts53

Ⅳ The Performance Interest58

A The Courts' Attitude towards the Performance Interest:Support in Principle58

B The Courts' Attitude towards the Performance Interest: Failure to Support Claimants in Practice with Remedies?60

ⅰ The Nature of the Expectation Interest62

ⅱ The Primacy of Expectation Damages65

Ⅴ Substitutability and Disgorgement67

A Disgorgement should be Available when the Subject Matter of the Contract is Not Substitutable67

B Substitutability - Blake and Cases Following72

ⅰ Blake72

ⅱ Cases Following Blake73

Ⅵ Objections to a Substitutability Analysis77

A Using Availability of Specific Relief as a Peg on which to Hang Availability of Disgorgement Damages78

B Disgorgement Preferable to an Expanded Definition of Expectation Loss81

C Disgorgement Damages are not a Fusion Fallacy84

Ⅶ Conclusion: a Different Way of Looking at Disgorgement Damages86

4 ‘Second Sale' Cases87

Ⅰ Introduction87

Ⅱ ‘Second Sale' Cases89

A Contracts for Sale of Land89

B Contracts for Sale of Goods or Chattels94

C Contracts for Shares and Stock99

D Contracts of Services101

Ⅲ ‘Efficient Breach' and the ‘Second Sale' Cases106

A History of ‘Efficient Breach' Theory107

B The Theory of ‘Efficient Breach'108

C Critiques of ‘Efficient Breach'109

ⅰ Third Party Can Acquire Subject Matter of the Contract om Promisee110

ⅱ Lack of Consideration of Transaction Costs111

ⅲ Incorrect Factual Predicates112

ⅳ ‘Efficient Breach' is Inefficient113

ⅴ ‘Efficient Breach' Does Not Fit with the Law114

D Conclusion to ‘Efficient Breach'115

Ⅳ Conclusion116

5 ‘Agency Problem' Cases118

Ⅰ Introduction118

Ⅱ The ‘Agency Problem' and Disgorgement122

A Disgorgement, the ‘Agency Problem' and Fiduciary Duties122

B Disgorgement, the ‘Agency Problem' and Negative Covenants124

Ⅲ The Fiduciary ‘Bundle of Obligations'128

Ⅳ Criteria for the Award of Disgorgement Damages for Breach of Negative Covenant132

A Criterion 1: Substitutability132

B Criterion 2: a Contract Designed to Serve Interests Other than Profit-making134

ⅰ Contracts Involving a Proprietary or Quasi-proprietary Interest135

ⅱ Contracts Involving National Security or the National Interest136

ⅲ Contracts Involving Resolution of a Legal Dispute139

ⅳ Contracts Involving the Protection of Third Party Family Members143

ⅴ Other Contracts Involving the Public Interest144

Ⅴ Conclusion145

6 The Role of ‘Restitutionary Damages'146

Ⅰ Introduction146

Ⅱ What are ‘Restitutionary Damages'?147

Ⅲ Restitutionary Damages - Still Unhappy151

Ⅳ A Collapsing of Categories154

Ⅴ When Should ‘Reasonable Fee' Awards be Granted?161

Ⅵ Scope of Disgorgement for ‘Skimped Performance'165

A Skimped Performance and the ‘Restoration Cases'171

ⅰ Construction Contracts and Other Cases Involving Building172

ⅱ Contracts for Restoration of Land175

B Skimped Performance and Contracts Designed to Reduce Risk179

Ⅶ Conclusion: Choice of Remedy182

7 Allowances and Bars to Relief186

Ⅰ Introduction186

Ⅱ Calculating the Account - Causation, Remoteness and Apportionment188

A The Nature of the Account188

B Causation and Remoteness189

C Apportionment190

Ⅲ Desert and Mercy192

A The Nature of ‘Desert'192

B The Nature of ‘Mercy'193

Ⅳ Allowances and Disgorgement Damages196

A Justifications for Allowances197

B Advertence and Allowances199

Ⅴ Operation of Bars to Relief200

A Delay and Acquiescence201

B Lack of Clean Hands207

C Hardship208

Ⅵ Conclusion210

8 Conclusion212

Bibliography215

Index227