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CHAPTER 1.THE EMERGENCE AND APPLICATION OF THE ROTTERDAM RULES&Professor D Rhidian Thomas1

Formative history1

Contracts to which the Rules apply4

Contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea4

Contract of carriage5

Goods6

Wholly or partly by sea7

International carriage8

Connection with Contracting States9

Contracts to which the Rules do not apply-Excluded contracts10

Introduction10

Exclusion of certain contracts in liner transportation10

Inclusion of certain contracts in non-liner transportation11

Application of the Rotterdam Rules to third parties who are not original parties to an excluded contract12

Carrier's period of responsibility under a contract of carriage to which the Rotterdam Rules apply15

The enigma of volume contracts16

Introduction16

The special provisions17

The American idea18

The idea accepted and re-drafted20

Limitations on the right to vary22

Pre-conditions to the validity of a derogation22

Volume contracts and third parties23

Jurisdiction and arbitration clauses24

A final thought about volume contracts24

Conclusion25

CHAPTER 2.FROM TREATY TO TRIAL-THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ROTTERDAM RULES&Michael Harakis27

The treaty27

UK government policy28

Convention state obligations30

Interpretation under the VCLT31

Interpreting the Interpretation Article32

Continuous interpretation33

Volume contracts as an example35

Finally35

CHAPTER 3.INTERPRETING THE INTERNATIONAL SEA-CARRIAGE CONVENTIONS:OLD AND NEW37

Simon Rainey QC37

Introduction37

English legislative technique to treaty implementation38

General principles of treaty interpretation39

(1)"Broad principles of general acceptation"40

(2)The Vienna Convention42

Article 31:"The ordinary and natural meaning"44

(1)The authentic language of the Convention44

The Hague Rules45

The Hague-Visby Rules46

The Rotterdam Rules50

(2)"In good faith"51

(3)"Ordinary meaning"52

(4)Context,object and purpose54

Article 32:"Supplementary means of interpretation"58

(1)Publicity and availability59

(2)The requisite standard for reception and use61

(3)The "bull's eye" approach61

Uniformity and the law in other jurisdictions66

The use of subsequent conventions68

The Rotterdam Rules and special aspects of interpretation68

(1)General drafting technique69

(2)Article 2 and "good faith"70

(3)A text divorced from English sources71

Conclusions71

CHAPTER 4.FREEDOM OF CONTRACT AND THE ROTTERDAM RULES:FRAMEWORK FOR NEGOTIATION OR ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL?&Professor Andrew Tettenborn73

Introduction73

The scheme of the Rotterdam Rules and the anti-avoidance provisions-an overview74

Rotterdam:changes in the compulsory regime75

Compulsory regime extended to more forms of carriage contracts75

Additions to the carrier's duty77

The shipper's duty set in stone77

Choice of jurisdiction rigidified79

The "volume" exception80

Rotterdam:clarifications81

FIOS ("free in,out,stowed") clauses81

The extent of carriage82

Rotterdam:uncertainties83

Carrier or freight intermediary?83

Identity of the carrier and the demise clause86

The charter exception88

Conclusion88

CHAPTER 5.MINIMAL MUSIC:MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT INCLUDING A MARITIME LEG UNDER THE ROTTERDAM RULES&Professor Ralph de Wit91

The Rotterdam Rules do not constitute a comprehensive multimodal regime91

General concepts91

The nature of the multimodal regime in the Rotterdam Rules92

Article 26 RR93

Carriage preceding or subsequent to sea carriage93

Incidence of the period of responsibility94

Localised loss,damage and delay94

Precedence only for international conventions95

Hypothetical contract95

Precedence for limited subject matter only98

Precedence of mandatory regimes only98

Article 82 RR99

International conventions governing other modes of transport99

Existing international conventions99

Carriage by air100

Carriage by road101

Carriage by rail and by inland waters103

The scope of the unimodal conventions104

Conclusion110

CHAPTER 6.THE DUTIES OF CARRIERS UNDER THE CONVENTIONS:CARE AND SEAWORTHINESS&Andrew Nicholas113

Introduction113

Relevant Provisions of the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules and the Rotterdam Rules113

The Locus Standi of containers114

"Jordan II":Codification115

On-going duties of seaworthiness and cargoworthiness116

Conclusion117

CHAPTER 7.PACKAGE LIMITATION AS AN ESSENTIAL FEATURE OF THE MODERN MARITIME TRANSPORT TREATIES:A CRITICAL ANALYSIS&Professor Marc A Huybrechts119

Package limitation in the three main transport treaties119

Some background facts regarding global/or tonnage limitation and package limitation120

Tonnage limitation121

Package limitation:historic origin and justification122

The formation of the Hague Rules,the principle of limitation is not challenged and the "no-joke" approach124

The 1968 Visby Rules:what changes have been introduced?124

The Hamburg Rules127

The Package limitation in the Rotterdam Rules127

The basis of the limitation amount130

The El Greco decision131

The MV Elbe decision134

The declaration of value135

Limitation for losses caused by delay136

Loss of the benefit of limitation of liability under the Rotterdam Rules136

Loss of the right to limit and deck cargo137

Limitation of actions under the Rotterdam Rules137

Conclusion138

CHAPTER 8.EXCLUSIONS OF LIABILITY&Julian Clark and Jeffrey Thomson141

Introduction141

The frameworks of the carrier's liability:The shifting burdens142

The Hague Rules exceptions145

Exceptions introduced by the Rotterdam Rules158

The Rotterdam Rules and "Volume Contracts"160

Conclusion160

CHAPTER 9.MISDELIVERY CLAIMS UNDER BILLS OF LADING AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS FOR THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA&Simon Baughen163

Introduction163

The nature of the obligation in contract and conversion163

Do misdelivery claims fall under the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules?168

Misdelivery and the Hague-Visby exceptions and limitations169

Express exceptions and misdelivery172

Contract or conversion? Measure of damages175

Non-contractual claims for misdelivery178

Misdelivery suits under the Hamburg Rules179

Misdelivery suits under the Rotterdam Rules180

(1)Delivery under the Convention181

(2)Defences under the Convention184

(3)Compensation for misdelivery186

(4)Claims in tort/bailment186

(5)Misdelivery and maritime performing parties187

Conclusion188

CHAPTER 10.SOME REMARKS ON THE ALLOCATION OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF UNDER THE ROTTERDAM RULES AS COMPARED TO THE HAGUE (VISBY) RULES&Dr Nick J Margetson191

Introduction191

Duties of the carrier and his rights and immunities under the H(V)R192

Overriding obligation193

Exceptions194

The burden of proof in article 4(1) H(V)R195

The burden of proof in article 4(2)q H(V)R196

The burden of proof under the H(V)R in general196

The Glendarroch rule198

The allocation of the burden of proof based on the bailment doctrine199

Tetley201

H(V)R:interim conclusion201

H(V)R:the author's view201

Example 1:nautical fault (article 4(2) H(V)R)202

Example 2:fire (article 4(2)(b) H(V)R)202

Example 3:perils of the sea (article 4(2)(c) H(V)R)203

Example 4:the q-exception (article 4(2)q)205

H(V)R:conclusions206

RR:duties of the carrier and his rights and immunities206

Duties206

Rights and immunities207

RR:allocation of the burden of proof in general207

The intent of the RR210

RR:examples211

Example 1:the nautical fault exception211

Example 2:the fire exception211

Example 3:perils of the sea212

Example 4:article 17(1) and 17(2) RR212

RR:conclusions213

CHAPTER 11.DUTIES OF SHIPPERS AND DANGEROUS CARGOES&Frank Stevens215

Introduction215

The duty to pay freight215

The duty to deliver the goods ready for carriage217

The duty to provide information220

Information required to properly handle and carry the goods221

Information required to comply with laws and regulations223

Information required to issue the Bill of Lading224

Knowingly misstating nature or value of the goods224

Additional information during the course of the carriage225

Liability of the shipper225

Principle:fault-based liability225

Exception:strict liability227

Liability for delay228

Shipper's liability for other persons228

Liability of the documentary shipper229

Dangerous goods229

What are "dangerous goods"?230

Shipper's duties with respect to dangerous goods232

Shipper's liabilities with respect to dangerous goods233

Carrier's rights with respect to dangerous goods234

The "duty" to give notice of loss235

CHAPTER 12.DECK CARGO:SAFELY STOWED AT LAST OR STILL AT SEA?&Dr Susan Hodges and David A Glass237

Introduction237

The position under Anglo-American common law238

Cargo stated as being carried on deck and is so carried:claused bills of lading238

No indication of deck carriage:clean bills of lading239

The English perspective239

The US approach:quasi-deviation243

The Tarago approach244

Excuses for carriage on deck245

Consent245

Express consent246

Liberties and duty of care.247

Implied consent248

Custom249

Custom of stowage on container ships and specialised carriers250

Reasonable deviation250

Dangerous goods253

Exceptions of liability254

The Hague-Visby Rules:article IV Rule 2(A)-(Q)254

The Hamburg Rules255

The Rotterdam Rules257

A fault-based regime of liability and defences:article 17(2) and (3)257

Non-permissible deck carriage258

Exclusively caused by their carriage on deck259

Not exclusively caused by their carriage on deck260

Permissible deck carriage261

Permissible deck carriage under Article 25(l)(a) and (c)261

Permissible deck carriage under Article 25(l)(b)263

Limitation of liability267

Conclusion269

CHAPTER 13.TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS&Professor Francis Reynolds QC271

Introduction271

The Hague Rules271

The Hague-Visby Rules273

The Hamburg Rules274

The Rotterdam Rules275

CHAPTER 14.ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS AND THE ROTTERDAM RULES&David Martin-Clark283

Introduction283

The CMI Rules on Electronic Document Interchange283

The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce286

The carriage of goods288

UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures289

The Rotterdam Rules and electronic commerce290

Practical experience with electronic bills of lading292

Bolero292

ESS:Electronic Shipping Solutions293

CHAPTER 15.IMPACT OF THE ROTTERDAM RULES ON THE HIMALAYA CLAUSE:THE PORT TERMINAL OPERATORS' CASE&Professor Jason Chuah295

Contexts and considerations295

Replication of the Himalaya Clause by Treaty297

The scope of the application of the Rotterdam Rules and port terminal operators303

Himalaya-type protection and the period of responsibility307

What constitute the "defences" under articles 4 and 19?308

Effect of deviation on the automatic Himalaya-type protection313

Indemnities and the automatic Himalaya-type protection313

Conclusion314

CHAPTER 16.JURISDICTION AND ARBITRATION&Professor Yvonne Baatz319

Introduction319

The current international position320

The Rotterdam Rules322

Declaration by an EU Member State or the European Union323

Party choice and volume contracts324

Exclusive court jurisdiction agreement in a volume contract between the shipper and the carrier325

Exclusive jurisdiction agreement in a volume contract between the carrier and someone other than the shipper327

Jurisdiction agreement concluded after the dispute has arisen329

Submission to the jurisdiction of a competent court330

Where there is no valid exclusive jurisdiction agreement331

Action against a maritime performing party331

Arrest and provisional or protective measures332

Consolidation of actions333

Preserving choice of jurisdiction by the cargo interests334

Recognition and enforcement334

Comments on Chapter 14 on jurisdiction335

Arbitration338

Non-liner transportation339

Comments on Chapter 15 on arbitration340

Conclusion342

APPENDICES343

1.The Rotterdam Rules343

2.The Hamburg Rules379

3.The Hague-Visby Rules395

4.The Hague Rules401