基本粒子及其相互作用 概念和唯象论：英文2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1　Particles and Interactions:An Overview1

1.1　A Preview1

1.2　Particles3

1.2.1 Leptons4

1.2.2 Quarks5

1.2.3 Hadrons6

1.3 Interactions6

1.4 Symmetries10

1.5 Physical Units13

Problems15

Suggestions for Further Reading16

2 Boson Fields17

2.1 Lorentz Symmetry18

2.1.1 Lorentz Transformations18

2.1.2 Tensor Algebra23

2.1.3 Tensor Fields24

2.2 Scalar Fields25

2.2.1 Space-Time Translation of a Scalar Field25

2.2.2 Lorentz Transformation of a Scalar Field28

2.3 Vector Fields30

2.4 The Klein-Gordon Equation31

2.4.1 Free-Particle Solutions31

2.4.2 Particle Probability32

2.4.3 Second Quantization34

2.4.4 Operator Algebra35

2.4.5 Physical Significance of the Fock Operators37

2.5 Quantized Vector Fields39

2.5.1 Massive Vector Fields39

2.5.2 The Maxwell Equations40

2.5.3 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field42

2.5.4 Field Energy and Momentum46

2.6 The Action47

2.6.1 The Euler-Lagrange Equation47

2.6.2 Conserved Current50

Problems55

Suggestions for Further Reading56

3 Fermion Fields57

3.1 The Dirac Equation57

3.2 Lorentz Symmetry60

3.2.1 Covariance of the Dirac Equation60

3.2.2 Spin of the Dirac Field63

3.2.3 Bilinear Covariants64

3.3 Free-Particle Solutions65

3.3.1 Normalized Spinors66

3.3.2 Completeness Relations68

3.3.3 Helicities71

3.4 The Lagrangian for a Free Dirac Particle73

3.5 Quantization of the Dirac Field76

3.5.1 Spins and Statistics77

3.5.2 Dirac Field Observables79

3.5.3 Fock Space80

3.6 Zero-Mass Fermions82

Problems86

Suggestions for Further Reading88

4 Collisions and Decays89

4.1 Interaction Representation90

4.1.1 The Three Pictures90

4.1.2 Time Evolution in the Interaction Picture92

4.1.3 The S-matrix95

4.2 Cross-Sections and Decay Rates96

4.2.1 General Formulas96

4.2.2 Two-Body Reaction to Two-Body Final States99

4.2.3 Decay Rates103

4.3 Interaction Models104

4.4 Decay Modes of Scalar Particles105

4.4.1 Neutral Decay Mode105

4.4.2 Charged Decay Mode108

4.5 Pion Scattering109

4.5.1 The Scalar Boson Propagator110

4.5.2 Scattering Processes112

4.5.3 Summary and Generalization116

4.6 Electron-Proton Scattering118

4.6.1 The Electromagnetic Interaction119

4.6.2 Electron-Proton Scattering Cross-Section120

4.7 Electron-Positron Annihilation127

4.8 Compton Scattering133

Problems141

Suggestions for Further Reading142

5 Discrete Symmetries143

5.1 Parity144

5.1.1 Parity in Quantum Mechanics144

5.1.2 Parity in Field Theories146

5.1.3 Parity and Interactions150

5.2 Time Inversion155

5.2.1 Time Inversion in Quantum Mechanics156

5.2.2 Time Inversion in Field Theories158

5.2.3 T and Interactions162

5.3 Charge Conjugation163

5.3.1 Additive Quantum Numbers164

5.3.2 Charge Conjugation in Field Theories169

5.3.3 Interactions174

5.4 The CPT Theorem178

5.4.1 Implications of CPT Invariance180

5.4.2 C,P,T,and CPT181

Problems182

Suggestions for Further Reading184

6 Hadrons and Isospin185

6.1 Charge Symmetry and Charge Independence185

6.2 Nucleon Field in Isospin Space187

6.3 Pion Field in Isospin Space193

6.4 G-Parity198

6.4.1 Nucleon and Pion Fields199

6.4.2 Other Unflavored Hadrons204

6.5 Isospin of Strange Particles205

6.6 Isospin Violations207

6.6.1 Electromagnetic Interactions207

6.6.2 Weak Interactions208

Problems213

Suggestions for Further Reading214

7 Quarks and SU(3)Symmetry215

7.1 Isospin:SU(2)Symmetry216

7.2 Hypercharge:SU(3)Symmetry222

7.2.1 The Fundamental Representation222

7.2.2 Higher-Dimensional Representations224

7.2.3 Physical Significance of F3 and F8228

7.2.4 3×3＊ Equal Mesons230

7.2.5 3×3×3 Equal Baryons233

7.3 Mass Splitting of the Hadron Multiplets236

7.3.1 Baryons238

7.3.2 Mesons239

7.4 Including Spin:SU(6)241

7.4.1 Mesons243

7.4.2 Baryons245

7.4.3 Application:Magnetic Moments of Hadrons246

7.5 The Color of Quarks248

7.6 The New Particles250

7.6.1 J/ψ and Charm250

7.6.2 The Tau Lepton258

7.6.3 From Bottom to Top260

Problems263

Suggestions for Further Reading265

8 Gauge Field Theories267

8.1 Symmetries and Interactions267

8.2 Abelian Gauge Invariance269

8.3 Non-Abelian Gauge Invariance271

8.4 Quantum Chromodynamics277

8.5 Spontaneous Breaking of Global Symmetries283

8.5.1 The Basic Idea284

8.5.2 Breakdown of Discrete Symmetry286

8.5.3 Breakdown of Abelian Symmetry287

8.5.4 Breakdown of Non-Abelian Symmetry289

8.6 Spontaneous Breaking of Local Symmetries293

8.6.1 Abelian Symmetry293

8.6.2 Non-Abelian Symmetry298

Problems301

Suggestions for Further Reading303

9 The Standard Model of the Electroweak Interaction305

9.1 The Weak Interaction Before the Gauge Theories305

9.2 Gauge-Invariant Model of One-Lepton Family307

9.2.1 Global Symmetry308

9.2.2 Gauge Invariance312

9.2.3 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking313

9.2.4 Feynman Rules for One-Lepton Family322

9.3 Including u and d Quarks326

9.4 Multigeneration Model330

9.4.1 The GIM Mechanism330

9.4.2 Classification Scheme for Fermions333

9.4.3 Fermion Families and the CKM Matrix333

9.4.4 Summary and Extensions338

Problems341

Suggestions for Further Reading342

10 Electron-Nucleon Scattering343

10.1 Electromagnetic and Weak Form Factors343

10.2 Analyticity and Dispersion Relation352

10.3 Exclusive Reaction:Elastic Scattering355

10.4 Inclusive Reaction:Deep Inelastic Scattering361

10.4.1 Structure Functions362

10.4.2 Bjorken Scaling and the Feynman Quark Parton366

Problems373

Suggestions for Further Reading375

11 Neutral K Mesons and CP Violation377

11.1 The Two Neutral K Mesons378

11.2 Strangeness Oscillations380

11.3 Regeneration of Ko s383

11.4 Calculation of △m385

11.5 CP Violation389

11.5.1 General Formalism389

11.5.2 Model-Independent Analysis of KL→2π393

11.5.3 The Superweak Scenario398

11.5.4 Calculations of ε and ε′ in the Standard Model399

11.5.5 The Gluonic Penguin and |ε′/ε|402

Problems406

Suggestions for Further Reading406

12 The Neutrinos407

12.1 On the Neutrino Masses407

12.1.1 General Properties408

12.1.2 Dirac or Majorana Neutrino?409

12.1.3 Lepton Mixing411

12.2 Oscillations in the Vacuum412

12.3 Oscillations in Matter415

12.3.1 Index of Refraction,Effective Mass416

12.3.2 The MSW Effect420

12.3.3 Adiabaticity423

12.4 Neutral Currents by Neutrino Scattering426

12.4.1 Neutral Currents,Why Not?427

12.4.2 Neutrino-Electron Scattering428

12.5 Neutrino-Nucleon Elastic Scattering435

12.6 Neutrino-Nucleon Deep Inelastic Collision438

12.6.1 Deep Inelastic Cross-Section439

12.6.2 Quarks as Partons441

Problems445

Suggestions for Further Reading446

13 Muon and Tau Lepton Decays447

13.1 Weak Decays:Classification and Generalities447

13.2 Leptonic Modes450

13.2.1 Leptonic Branching Ratio450

13.2.2 Parity Violation.Energy Spectrum451

13.2.3 Angular Distribution.Decay Rate456

13.3 Semileptonic Decays460

13.3.1 The Ohe-Pion Mode：τ-→ντ＋π-460

13.3.2 The 2n-Pion Mode and CVC462

13.4 The Method of Spectral Functions465

13.4.1 The Three-Pion Mode467

13.4.2 Spectral Functions of Quark Pairs470

Problems473

Suggestions for Further Reading474

14 One-Loop QCD Corrections475

14.1 Vertex Function477

14.2 Quark Self-Energy484

14.3 Mass and Field Renormalization485

14.3.1 Renormalized Form Factor ？ren(q2)489

14.3.2 Important Consequence of Mass Renormalization491

14.4 Virtual Gluon Contributions492

14.5 Real Gluon Contributions496

14.5.1 Infrared Divergence497

14.5.2 Three-Particle Phase Space498

14.5.3 Bremsstrahlung Rate500

14.6 Final Result501

Problems502

Suggestions for Further Reading504

15 Asymptotic Freedom in QCD505

15.1 Running Coupling Constant506

15.1.1 Vacuum Polarization507

15.1.2 Dressed and Renormalized Photon Propagator509

15.1.3 Vertex Renormalization512

15.1.4 Renormalized Vacuum Polarization ？ren(q2)515

15.1.5 Physical Effects of ？ren(q2)517

15.2 The Renormalization Group518

15.2.1 The Callan-Symanzik Equation520

15.2.2 Calculation of the β- and γ-Functions523

15.2.3 Running Coupling from the Renormalization Group525

15.2.4 Solution of the Renormalization Group Equation526

15.3 One-Loop Computation of the QCD β-Function529

15.3.1 Quark Self-Energy Counterterm Zq529

15.3.2 Quark-Gluon Vertex Counterterm Zl529

15.3.3 Gluon Self-Energy Counterterm Zglu531

15.3.4 The Running QCD Coupling535

15.4 Ghosts538

15.4.1 The Faddeev-Popov Gauge-Fixing Method538

15.4.2 Ghosts and Unitarity541

Problems547

Suggestions for Further Reading548

16 Heavy Flavors549

16.1 QCD Renormalization of Weak Interactions550

16.1.1 Corrections to Single Currents551

16.1.2 Corrections to Product of Currents553

16.1.3 Renormalization Group Improvement557

16.1.4 The △I=1/2 in Strangeness Hadronic Decays560

16.2 Heavy Flavor Symmetry562

16.2.1 Basic Physical Pictures563

16.2.2 Elements of Heavy Quark Effective Theory(HQET)565

16.3 Inclusive Decays567

16.3.1 General Formalism568

16.3.2 Inclusive Semileptonic Decay:？→e-+？e+Xc572

16.3.3 Inclusive Nonleptonic Decay:？→Hadrons573

16.4 Exclusive Decays576

16.4.1 Form Factors in B？3 Decays577

16.4.2 Semileptonic Decay Rates580

16.4.3 Two-Body Hsdronic Decays582

16.5 CP Violationin B Mesons588

16.5.1 B0-？0 Mixing588

16.5.2 CP Asymmetries in Neutral B Meson Decays594

Problems598

Suggestions for Further Reading599

17 Status and Perspectives of the Standard Model601

17.1 Production and Decay of the Higgs Boson602

17.2 Why Go Beyond the Standard Model?605

17.3 The Standard Model as an Effective Theory607

17.3.1 Problems with the Standard Model608

17.3.2 Renormalization Group Equation Analysis610

17.3.3 Supersymmetry and Technicolor611

Problems614

Suggestions for Further Reading614

Selected Solutions615

Appendix:Useful Formulas645

A.1 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics645

A.2 Cross-Sections and Decay Rates649

A.3 Phase Space and Loop Integrals650

A.4 Feynman Rules653

A.5 Parameters of the Standard Model656

Index657