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1 INTRODUCTION1

1.1 Historical Review1

1.2 Elements of an Electrical Communication System5

1.2.1 Digital Communication System,7

1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications,10

1.3 Communication Channels and Their Characteristics12

1.4 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels19

1.5 Further Reading22

2 SIGNALS AND LINEAR SYSTEMS23

2.1 Basic Concepts23

2.1.1 Basic Operations on Signals,24

2.1.2 Classification of Signals,25

2.1.3 Some Important Signals and Their Properties,33

2.1.4 Classification of Systems,40

2.1.5 Analysis of LTI Systems in the Time Domain,44

2.2 Fourier Series46

2.2.1 Fourier Series and Its Properties,46

2.2.2 Response of LTI Systems to Periodic Signals,56

2.2.3 Parseval’s Relation,59

2.3 Fourier Transform61

2.3.1 From Fourier Series to Fourier Transforms,61

2.3.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform,67

2.3.3 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals,81

2.3.4 Transmission over LTI Systems,84

2.4 Filter Design88

2.5 Power and Energy92

2.5.1 Energy-Type Signals,93

2.5.2 Power-Type Signals,96

2.6 Hilbert Transform and Its Properties99

2.7 Lowpass and Bandpass Signals102

2.8 Further Reading105

Problems105

3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION124

3.1 Introduction to Modulation125

3.2 Amplitude Modulation （AM）126

3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM,126

3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation,134

3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM,139

3.3 Implementation of AM Modulators and Demodulators144

3.4 Signal Multiplexing151

3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing,152

3.4.2 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing,153

3.5 AM-Radio Broadcasting154

Appendix 3A: Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Signals156

Problems158

4 ANGLE MODULATION169

4.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals170

4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals174

4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal,174

4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal,179

4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators180

4.4 FM-Radio and Television Broadcasting188

4.4.1 FM-Radio Broadcasting,188

4.4.2 Television Broadcasting,190

4.5 Mobile Wireless Telephone Systems200

4.6 Further Reading202

Problems202

5 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES210

5.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables210

5.1.1 Sample Space, Events, and Probability,210

5.1.2 Conditional Probability,211

5.1.3 Random Variables,214

5.1.4 Functions of a Random Variable,221

5.1.5 Multiple Random Variables,224

5.1.6 Sums of Random Variables,229

5.2 Random Processes: Basic Concepts229

5.2.1 Statistical Averages,233

5.2.2 Wide-Sense Stationaty Processes,235

5.2.3 Multiple Random Processes,236

5.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems,237

5.2.5 Power Spectral Density of Stationary Processes,240

5.2.6 Power Spectral Density of a Sum Process,244

5.3 Gaussian and White Processes245

5.3.1 Gaussian Processes,245

5.3.2 White Processes,247

5.3.3 Filtered Noise Processes,249

5.4 Further Reading254

Problems255

6 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS273

6.1 Effect of Noise on Amplitude-Modulation Systems273

6.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System,274

6.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SCAM,274

6.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM,276

6.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM,278

6.2 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation282

6.2.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation,291

6.2.2 Preemphasis and Deemphasis Filtering,294

6.3 Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems297

6.4 Carrier-Phase Estimation with a Phase-Locked Loop （PLL）299

6.4.1 Effect of Additive Noise on Phase Estimation,303

6.5 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication Systems308

6.5.1 Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources,309

6.5.2 Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure,310

6.5.3 Transmission Losses,313

6.5.4 Repeaters for Signal Transmission,315

6.6 Further Reading318

Problems318

7 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION328

7.1 Sampling of Signals and Signal Reconstruction from Samples329

7.1.1 The Sampling Theorem,329

7.2 Quantization334

7.2.1 Scalar Quantization,334

7.2.2 Vector Quantization,342

7.3 Encoding344

7.4 Waveform Coding345

7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation （PCM）,346

7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation （DPCM）,350

7.4.3 Delta Modulation （DM）,352

7.5 Analysis-Synthesis Techniques355

7.6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording358

7.6.1 Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems,359

7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording,361

7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard365

7.8 Further Reading369

Problems369

8 DIGITAL MODULATION IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE BASEBAND CHANNEL379

8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms380

8.2 Binary Pulse Modulation384

8.2.1 Binary Pulse Amplitude Modulation,384

8.2.2 Binary Pulse Position Modulation,386

8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise389

8.3.1 Correlation-Type Demodulator,391

8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator,397

8.3.3 The Performance of the Optimum Detector for Binary Signals,405

8.4 M-ary Pulse Modulation407

8.4.1 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation,409

8.4.2 M-ary Orthogonal Signals,411

8.4.3 Biorthogonal Signals,413

8.4.4 Simplex Signal Waveforms,416

8.4.5 Binary-Coded Signal Waveforms,417

8.4.6 The Optimum Receiver for M-ary Signals in AWGN,420

8.5 Probability of Error for M-ary Pulse Modulation431

8.5.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation,431

8.5.2 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals,435

8.5.3 A Union Bound on the Probability of Error,437

8.5.4 Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals,441

8.5.5 Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Signals,442

8.5.6 Probability of Error for Binary-Coded Signals,444

8.5.7 Comparison of Digital Pulse Modulation Methods,444

8.6 Symbol Synchronization445

8.6.1 Early-Late Gate Synchronizers,446

8.6.2 Minimum Mean-Square-Error Method,448

8.6.3 Maximum-Likelihood Method,450

8.6.4 Spectral-Line Method,451

8.7 Further Reading454

Problems454

9 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH BANDLIMITED AWGN CHANNELS475

9.1 Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Channels475

9.1.1 Digital PAM Transmission through Bandlimited Baseband Channels,480

9.2 Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels482

9.2.1 Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI—The Nyquist Criterion,484

9.2.2 Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI—Partial Response Signals,490

9.3 Probability of Error for Detection of Digital PAM493

9.3.1 Probability of Error for Detection of Digital PAM with Zero ISI,493

9.3.2 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of Data with Controlled ISI,494

9.3.3 Probability of Error for Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of Partial Response Signals,498

9.3.4 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial Response Signals,501

9.4 System Designin the Presence of Channel Distortion503

9.4.1 Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known Channel,505

9.4.2 Channel Equalization,507

9.5 Further Reading525

Problems526

10 TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION VIA CARRIER MODULATION541

10.1 Amplitude-Modulated Digital Signals541

10.1.1 Demodulation and Detection of Amplitude-Modulated Signals,545

10.2 Phase-Modulated Digital Signals548

10.2.1 Demodulation and Detection of Phase-Modulated Signals,553

10.2.2 Differential-Phase Modulation and Demodulation,558

10.2.3 Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation,560

10.2.4 Probability of Error for DPSK,565

10.3 Quadrature Amplitude-Modulated Digital Signals567

10.3.1 Demodulation and Detection of Quadrature-Amplitude Modulated Signals,571

10.3.2 Probability of Error for QAM,574

10.4 Frequency-Modulated Digital Signals579

10.4.1 Demodulation and Detection of Frequency-Modulated Signals,581

10.4.2 Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of FSK,588

10.4.3 Continuous-Phase FSK （CPFSK）,591

10.5 Comparison of Modulation Methods602

10.6 Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals606

10.7 Further Reading606

Problems607

11 SELECTED TOPICS IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS623

11.1 Digital Transmission in Fading Multipath Channels623

11.1.1 Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels,624

11.1.2 Performance of Binary Modulation in Frequency Nonselective Rayleigh Fading Channels,629

11.1.3 Performance Improvement through Signal Diversity,631

11.1.4 Frequency Selective Channels and the RAKE Demodulator,635

11.2 Multicarrier Modulation and OFDM639

11.2.1 Modulation and Demodulation in an OFDM System,641

11.2.2 An OFDM System Implemented via the FFT Algorithm,643

11.2.3 Spectral Characteristics of OFDM Signals,646

11.2.4 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems,647

11.2.5 Applications of OFDM,649

11.3 Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems652

11.3.1 Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication System,653

11.3.2 Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems,654

11.3.3 Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals,663

11.3.4 Generation of PN Sequences,667

11.3.5 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum,670

11.4 Digital Cellular Communication Systems673

11.4.1 The GSM System,673

11.4.2 CDMA System Based on IS-95,677

11.4.3 Third Generation Cellular Communication Systems,681

11.5 Performance Analysis for Wireline and Radio Communication Channels682

11.5.1 Regenerative Repeaters,683

11.5.2 Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels,684

11.6 Further Reading688

Problems689

REFERENCES702

INDEX712