Fundamentals of thermodynamics Sixth Edition2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

Fundamentals of thermodynamics Sixth EditionPDF格式电子书版下载

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1 SOME INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS1

1.1 The Simple Steam Power Plant1

1.2 Fuel Cells2

1.3 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle5

1.4 The Thermoelectric Refrigerator7

1.5 The Air Separation Plant8

1.6 The Gas Turbine9

1.7 The Chemical Rocket Engine11

1.8 Other Applications and Environmental Issues12

2 SOME CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS14

2.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume14

2.2 Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Point of View15

2.3 Properties and State of a Substance16

2.4 Processes and Cycles17

2.5 Units for MassLengthTimeand Force18

2.6 Energy21

2.7 Specific Volume and Density23

2.8 Pressure25

2.9 Equality of Temperature31

2.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics31

2.11 Temperature Scales32

Problems34

3 PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE43

3.1 The Pure Substance44

3.2 Vapor-Liquid-Solid-Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance44

3.3 Independent Properties of a Pure Substance51

3.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties51

3.5 Thermodynamic Surfaces59

3.6 The P-V-T Behavior of Low- and Moderate-Density Gases61

3.7 Computerized Tables69

Problems72

4 WORK AND HEAT84

4.1 Definition of Work84

4.2 Units for Work86

4.3 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System87

4.4 Other Systems that Involve Work96

4.5 Concluding Remarks Regarding Work98

4.6 Definition of Heat100

4.7 Heat Transfer Modes101

4.8 Comparison of Heat and Work103

Problems105

5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS116

5.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass Undergoing a Cycle116

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State of a Control Masass117

5.3 Internal Energy—A Thermodynamic Property124

5.4 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique126

5.5 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy130

5.6 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats133

5.7 The Internal EnergyEnthalpyand Specific Heat of Ideal Gases135

5.8 The First Law as a Rate Equation141

5.9 Conservation of Mass143

Problems145

6 FIRST LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME162

6.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume162

6.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume165

6.3 The Steady-State Process167

6.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes169

6.5 The Transient Process183

Problems195

7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS214

7.1 Heat Engines and Refrigerators214

7.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics220

7.3 The Reversible Process223

7.4 Factors that Render Processes Irreversible224

7.5 The Carnot Cycle227

7.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle229

7.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale230

7.8 The Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale233

7.9 Ideal versus Real Machines236

Problems240

8 ENTROPY251

8.1 The Inequality of Clausius251

8.2 Entropy—A Property of a System255

8.3 The Entropy of a Pure Substance257

8.4 Entropy Change in Reversible Processes259

8.5 The Thermodynamic Property Relation263

8.6 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process264

8.7 Entropy Generation266

8.8 Principle of the Increase of Entropy268

8.9 Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid272

8.10 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas273

8.11 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas278

8.12 Entropy as a Rate Equation282

Problems285

9 SECOND LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME302

9.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume302

9.2 The Steady-State Process and the Transient Process304

9.3 The Reversible Steady-State Process313

9.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy316

9.5 Efficiency317

9.6 Some General Comments Regarding Entropy323

Problems325

10 IRREVERSIBILITY AND AVAILABILITY343

10.1 Available EnergyReversible Workand Irreversibility343

10.2 Availability and Second-Law Efficiency355

10.3 Exergy Balance Equation363

Problems370

11 POWER AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS382

11.1 Introduction to Power Systems382

11.2 The Rankine Cycle384

11.3 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle388

11.4 The Reheat Cycle393

11.5 The Regernative Cycle396

11.6 Deviation of Actual Cycles from Ideal Cycles403

11.7 Cogeneration409

11.8 Air-Standard Power Cycles410

11.9 The Brayton Cycle411

11.10 The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle with a Regenerator418

11.11 Gas-Turbine Power Cycle Configurations421

11.12 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion424

11.13 Reciprocating Engine Power Cycles426

11.14 The Otto Cycle427

11.15 The Diesel Cycle431

11.16 The Stirling Cycle433

11.17 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems434

11.18 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle435

11.19 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems438

11.20 Deviation of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle439

11.21 The Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Cycle441

11.22 The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle442

11.23 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems446

Problems450

12 GAS MIXTURES473

12.1 General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases473

12.2 A Simplified Model of a Mixture Involving Gases and a Vapor480

12.3 The First Law Applied to Gas-Vapor Mixtures485

12.4 The Adiabatic Saturation Process488

12.5 Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures490

12.6 The Psychrometric Chart491

Problems494

13 THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS511

13.1 The Clapeyron Equation511

13.2 Mathematical Relations for a Homogeneous Phase515

13.3 The Maxwell Relations516

13.4 Thermodynamic Relations Involving EnthalpyInternal Energy,and Entropy519

13.5 Volume Expansivity and Isothermal and Adiabatic Compressibility524

13.6 Real Gas Behavior and Equations of State527

13.7 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Enthalpy at Constant Temperature532

13.8 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Entropy at Constant Temperature535

13.9 Developing Tables of Thermodynamic Properties from Experimental Data538

13.10 The Property Relation for Mixtures540

13.11 Pseudopure Substance Models for Real-Gas Mixtures543

Problems550

14 CHEMICAL REACTIONS561

14.1 Fuels561

14.2 The Combustion Process564

14.3 Enthalpy of Formation572

14.4 First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems574

14.5 Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Combustion; Heat of Reaction581

14.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature585

14.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy587

14.8 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems589

14.9 Fuel Cells596

14.10 Evaluation of Actual Combustion Processes599

Problems604

15 INTRODUCTION TO PHASE AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM617

15.1 Requirements for Equilibrium617

15.2 Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Pure Substance619

15.3 Metastable Equilibrium623

15.4 Chemical Equilibrium625

15.5 Simultaneous Reactions634

15.6 Ionization638

Problems643

APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE STATE PROPERTIES653

APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES673

APPENDIX C IDEAL-GAS SPECIFIC HEAT723

APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE725

APPENDIX E FIGURES731

APPFNDIX F ENGLISH UNIT TABLES737

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS779

INDEX789