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Preface1

Chapter One Understanding Second Language Acquisition1

1.1 What is second language acquisition?1

1.2 What are the objectives of SLA research?2

1.3 Basic terminology in SLA3

1.3.1 Native and target language3

1.3.2 Second and foreign language3

1.3.3 Bilingualism and multilingualism4

1.3.4 SLA and foreign language learning4

1.3.5 Input and output5

1.3.6 Competence and performance5

1.3.7 Usage and use6

1.3.8 Comprehension and production6

1.3.9 Naturalistic and instructed second language acquisition7

1.4 The external and internal factors in SLA7

1.4.1 External factors8

1.4.2 Internal factors8

Assignment10

Chapter Two The Study of interlanguage13

2.1 What is interlanguage?13

2.2 Characteristics of interlanguage13

2.3 Major findings in IL studies15

2.3.1 Systematic changes in grammar15

2.3.2 Acquisition order and sequence of acquisition18

2.3.3 L1 influence20

2.4 Interlanguage pragmatics23

2.4.1 Second language speech act23

2.4.2 Production of speech acts: differences between L2 learners and L1 speakers24

2.4.3 Speech act research paradigm26

Assignment30

Chapter Three Linguistic Aspects of SLA33

3.1 The nature of human language33

3.1.1 Common characteristics of language33

3.1.2 Different aspects of language34

3.2 Early approaches to SLA37

3.2.1 Contrastive analysis hypothesis （CAH）37

3.2.2 Error analysis （EA）39

3.2.3 Monitor Model42

3.3 Universal grammar （UG）45

3.3.1 Definition45

3.3.2 Principles and parameters46

3.3.3 UGandSLA47

3.4 Typological universals : Accessibility hierarchy （AH）49

3.5 Functional approaches50

3.5.1 Systemic linguistics51

3.5.2 Functional typology52

Assignment54

Chapter Four Psychological Aspects of SLA57

4.1 Language and the brain57

4.2 Behaviorists' way of learning59

4.3 Cognitive perspective of learning60

4.3.1 Information processing （IP）61

4.3.2 Connectionists'/emergentists' models62

4.3.3 Competition model （CM）63

4.3.4 Bialystok's theory of L2 learning64

4.3.5 Gass's integrative model of SLA65

4.4 Individual differences69

4.4.1 Aptitude69

4.4.2 Age69

4.4.3 Motivation70

4.4.4 Cognitive style71

4.4.5 Personality73

4.4.6 Learning strategies75

Assignment78

Chapter Five Socio-cultural Aspects of SLA81

5.1 Microsocial factors81

5.1.1 Input and interaction81

5.1.2 Input modification81

5.1.3 Interactional modifications84

5.1.4 Feedback86

5.1.5 Interaction hypothesis87

5.1.6 Socio-cultural theory88

5.2 Macrosocial factors91

5.2.1 Accommodation theory91

5.2.2 Acculturation model92

5.2.3 Social identity and investment in L2 learning93

Assignment94

Chapter Six Instruction and Second Language Acquisition94

6.1 Language teaching97

6.2 Form-focused instruction98

6.2.1 Focus on form and focus on forms99

6.2.2 Form-focused instruction100

6.2.3 Teachability hypothesis101

6.2.4 Input-based instruction and output-based instruction101

6.2.5 Consciousness-raising102

6.2.6 Processing instruction （PI）103

6.3 Uniqueness of classroom instruction104

6.4 Explicit and implicit instruction105

6.5 Tips on teaching of grammar108

Assignment109

Chapter Seven Second Language Acquisition Research: Data Collection and Analysis109

7.1 Data collection111

7.1.1 Data categorization111

7.1.2 Linguistic production data elicitation116

7.1.3 Non-linguistic information elicitation118

7.2 Data analysis and interpretation120

Assignment123

References125

An English-Chinese Glossary128