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Part Ⅰ： SETTING THE STAGE1

1 THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW3

Ⅰ. INTERNATIONAL TRADE： THE THEORY， THE INSTITUTIONS，AND THE LAW5

A. Trade Theory5

1. Absolute Advantage6

2. Comparative Advantage7

3. The Critics of Free Trade10

B. Protectionist Measures12

1. Dumping13

2. Tariffs， Licenses， Quotas， and Subsidies14

3. Prohibitions on Trade15

4. Non-Tariff Barriers15

C. International Organizations16

1. The World Trade Organization16

2. The World Bank18

3. The International Monetary Fund18

4. International Institute for the Unification of Private Law19

5. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law20

6. The International Chamber of Commerce22

D. Sources of Law Relating to International Sales of Goods22

1. Civil Law versus Common Law22

2. Sources of International Law26

a. Treaties26

b. Lex Mercatoria27

Ⅱ. COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS29

A. Managing Applicable Laws30

B. Considering Arbitration for Dispute Resolution31

1. The Pros and Cons of Arbitration31

2. The Arbitration Agreement33

3. The Rules and Law Governing Arbitration34

C. Limiting Financial Risk36

D. Allocating the Costs and Risks of Carriage41

E. Hedging Currency Risk43

F. Navigating Cultural Differences44

PROBLEMS45

Part Ⅱ： ENTER THE CISG47

2 APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS51

Ⅰ. INTERPRETING THE CISG51

A. General Principles of Interpretation51

B. The Interpretive Guidance of CISG Article 754

Ⅱ. SCOPE OF APPLICATION58

A. The CISG Governs Sales Between Parties from Different Contracting States58

B. The CISG Can Apply through the Rules of Private International Law61

C. The CISG Applies Only to Sales of Goods72

D. The CISG Does Not Address： Validity， Property Interests， or Tort Liability79

1. Validity79

2. Property Issues81

3. Personal Injury83

Ⅲ. GENERAL PROVISIONS83

A. Principles of Contractual Intent83

B. Trade Usage and Parties’ Practices87

C. No Writing Requirement100

PROBLEMS101

3 FORMING A CONTRACT UNDER THE CISG105

Ⅰ. OFFERS107

A. The Criteria for an Offer107

B. Withdrawal and Revocability113

Ⅱ. ACCEPTANCE117

A. Defining Acceptance117

B. Effectiveness， Withdrawal and Revocation118

Ⅲ. BATTLE OF THE FORMS121

Ⅳ. MODIFICATION138

PROBLEMS146

4 THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES147

Ⅰ. THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER147

A. Delivery Terms147

1. Incoterms as Express Terms148

2. Default Delivery Terms160

a. Place of Delivery161

b. Carriage and Insurance162

c. Timing of Delivery164

d. Delivery of Relevant Documents165

e. Transfer of Risk166

B. Conformity of the Goods171

1. Goods Must Be of the Quantity， Quality， and Description Required by the Contract172

2. Goods Must Conform172

a. Goods Must Conform to their Ordinary Purpose172

b. Goods Must Conform to Particular Purpose Known to Seller175

c. Goods Must Conform to Any Samples178

d. Goods Must Be Packaged for Preservation179

e. Seller Defenses180

C. Third Party Claims194

1. Goods Must be Free of Third Party Claims Generally194

2. Good Must be Free of Third Party Intellectual Property Claims195

3. Seller’s Defenses to Third Party Intellectual Property Claims197

Ⅱ. THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER198

A. Payment198

1. Price199

2. Place of Payment201

3. Time of Payment202

B. Taking Delivery203

PROBLEMS204

5 REMEDIES FOR BREACH207

Ⅰ. INSPECTION， NOTICE AND CURE PROVISIONS207

A. Buyer’s Obligations to Inspect and Notify208

1. Inspection of Goods208

2. Notice of Non-conformity210

3. Seller’s Knowledge of Non-Conformity212

4. Notice of Third Party Claims214

5. Excuse for Failure to Notify216

B. Allowing the Seller to Cure217

1. Seller May Cure Before Delivery Date Has Passed217

a. Delivery of Non-Conforming Documents217

b. Delivery of Non-Conforming Goods218

2. Seller May Set a Cure Period after the Delivery is Due219

Ⅱ. BUYER’S REMEDIES FOR SELLER’S BREACH222

A. Avoiding the Contract222

1. Avoidance Based on Fundamental Breach by the Seller223

a. The Magnitude of the Harm224

b. Foreseeability of the Harm224

2. Avoidance Based on Non-delivery by the End of the Nachfrist Period226

3. Avoidance Must be Timely227

4. The Effects of Avoidance236

a. Dispute Resolution Obligations Survive237

b. Other Post Avoidance Obligations Survive237

c. Restitution238

5. Limits on Avoidance239

B. Seeking Specific Performance241

1. Specific Performance Generally241

2. Replacement of Non-Conforming Goods243

a. Fundamental Breach243

b. Timely Notice for the Seller244

3. Repair of Non-Conforming Goods245

a. Reasonable Request245

b. Timely Notice for the Seller245

C. Paying a Reduced Price246

D. Confronting Partial Performance247

E. Addressing Early or Excess Delivery248

Ⅲ. SELLER’S REMEDIES FOR BUYER’S BREACH249

A. Avoiding the Contract249

1. Fundamental Breach by Buyer250

2. Non-performance by the End of the Nachfrist Period252

3. Avoidance Must be Timely253

4. Effects of Avoidance254

B. Specific Performance255

C. Providing Specifications256

Ⅳ. ANTICIPATORY BREACH AND INSTALLMENT CONTRACTS257

A. Anticipatory Breach257

1. Suspension of Performance257

2. Avoiding the Contract258

B. Avoiding Installment Contracts260

Ⅴ. PRESERVATION OF THE GOODS262

PROBLEMS265

6 DAMAGES267

Ⅰ. DAMAGES267

A. Damages Generally268

B. Damages in a Substitute Transaction282

C. Damages When No Substitute Transaction284

D. Mitigation286

Ⅱ. INTEREST289

Ⅲ. EXEMPTIONS291

A. Uncontrollable Impediments291

B. Excuse When Failure to Perform Is Caused by Counterparty295

PROBLEMS296

Part Ⅲ： DISPUTE RESOLUTION299

7 ARBITRATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO NATIONAL COURTS301

Ⅰ. THE WORK OF UNCITRAL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ARBITRATION303

A. A Brief Historical Perspective and the Development of the UNCITRAL Rules303

B. The Development of the UNCITRAL Model Law and the Promotion of the New York Convention308

Ⅱ. EVALUATING THE PROS AND CONS OF ARBITRATION312

A. Reasons for Choosing Arbitration312

1. Neutrality312

2. Enforceability313

3. Confidentiality313

4. Speed/Efficiency314

5. Expertise315

B. Reasons for Not Choosing Arbitration315

1. Inability to Join Additional Parties or Claims315

2. Potential Need for Court Involvement316

3. Lack of a Right to Appeal316

C. The Question of Cost317

PROBLEMS318

Ⅲ. NEGOTIATING AND DRAFTING AN EFFECTIVE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT319

A. Deciding on Arbitration—Before or After a Dispute Arises319

B. Considering the Content of the Arbitration Agreement320

Ⅳ. INSTITUTIONAL AND AD HOC RULES329

A. Private Rules and Arbitral Institutions329

B. Recommended Model Arbitration Clauses330

Ⅴ. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LEX ARBITRI AND THE INTERACTION OF EXPRESS TERMS， RULES AND LAW333

A. Determination of the Lex Arbitri333

B. The Lex Arbitri， the Rules， and the Arbitration Clause：Putting Them All Together to Build an Arbitration Regime343

PROBLEMS345

8 ARBITRATION AS A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE PARTIES347

Ⅰ. THE DECISION TO COMMENCE ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS348

Ⅱ. RESPONDENT’S OBLIGATIONS AND OPTIONS352

A. Respondent’s Obligations Triggered by Commencement353

1. Answering the Claim and Bringing any Counter-Claim353

2. Challenging Jurisdiction354

B. Can Respondent Go to Court Instead of Participating in the Arbitration？354

Ⅲ. THE POTENTIAL NEED FOR IMMEDIATE INTERIM RELIEF356

PROBLEM357

Ⅳ. CONSTITUTION OF THE ARBITRAL PANEL358

A. Choosing the Arbitrators358

B. Arbitrator Selection When the Parties Cannot or Will Not360

C. Arbitrator Disclosures and Standards of Neutrality362

D. Challenging the Appointment of an Arbitrator363

Ⅴ. JURISDICTION PART Ⅰ： THE QUESTION OF WHO DECIDES ANY JURISDICTIONAL CHALLENGE365

A. The Separability Paradigm368

B. The Competence-Competence Paradigm372

Ⅵ. JURISDICTION PART Ⅱ： THE SUBSTANTIVE JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES TO BE DECIDED—IT’S ALMOST ALL ABOUT CONSENT383

A. Did the Parties Agree to Arbitrate Anything？384

B. Is the Arbitration Agreement Valid？393

1. Formal Validity393

2. Substantive Validity399

C. Is the Parties’ Dispute Within the Scope of the Arbitration Agreement？407

D. Is the Parties’ Dispute Arbitrable？409

E. Does Public Policy Preclude Arbitration of theParties’ Dispute？419

PROBLEMS421

9 ARBITRATION AS A PROCEDURE TO DECIDE THE PARTIES’ DISPUTE423

Ⅰ. PLEADINGS， PLANNING AND OTHER PRELIMINARY MATTERS424

A. Statements of Claim and Defense， Counter-Claims，Set-off， and Joinder424

B. Planning the Arbitration428

C. Choice of Substantive Law Governing the Merits of the Dispute429

D. Interim Measures and Preliminary Orders432

PROBLEMS438

E. Discovery and Production of Evidence439

Ⅱ. DEFAULT PROCEEDINGS443

Ⅲ. HEARING THE PARTIES’ CASE ON THE MERITS446

A. Testimony of Fact Witnesses448

B. Experts449

C. Confidentiality of the Proceedings450

D. Settlement450

E. Closure of the Hearings on the Merits451

Ⅳ. THE FINAL AWARD452

A. Requirements of the Award and Designation of Place452

B. Fixing and Allocating Costs454

C. Correction and Interpretation of Award455

D. Termination of Arbitral Proceedings456

PROBLEM457

10 ARBITRATION AS A FINAL AWARD：CHALLENGES AND ENFORCEMENT459

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION TO COURT ACTIONS TO CHALLENGE OR ENFORCE THE ARBITRATORS’ FINAL AWARD460

Ⅱ. DIRECT CHALLENGES BY THE DISAPPOINTED PARTY：OFFENSIVELY ATTACKING THE AWARD IN THE PLACE OF ARBITRATION463

A. Grounds for Setting Aside an Award463

PROBLEM469

B. The Effect of a Successful Action to Set Aside Or Is the Award Still Enforceable？469

Ⅲ. WAITING FOR ENFORCEMENT： DEFENSIVELY RESISTING ENFORCEMENT ON ONE’S OWN TURF470

A. Enforcement under the New York Convention471

B. Grounds for Refusing Enforcement473

C. The Public Policy Exception： Its Use and Abuse477

PROBLEMS484

Appendix A UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions485

Appendix B Sources of Contracting Parties’ Rights and Obligations487

Appendix C Sources of Law and Party Intent Applicable in International Commercial Arbitration489

Appendix D Grounds to Set Aside or Refuse Enforcement of an Arbitration Award491

Index493