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1 Your Future and Computer Competency2

Information Systems4

People6

Software7

System Software7

Application Software7

Hardware9

Types of Computers9

Microcomputer Hardware10

Data12

Connectivity and the Internet13

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE14

VISUAL SUMMARY16

KEY TERMS18

CHAPTER REVIEW18

REVIEWING CONCEPTS21

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS22

ON THE WEB EXERCISES23

2 Application Software24

Help26

Menus26

Toolbars26

General-Purpose Applications26

Windows26

Word Processors28

Features28

Case29

Spreadsheets30

Features30

Case31

Database Management Systems32

Features32

Case33

Features34

Presentation Graphics34

Case35

Software Suites36

Object Linking and Embedding36

Case36

Integrated Packages38

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE39

VISUAL SUMMARY40

KEY TERMS43

CHAPTER REVIEW43

REVIEWING CONCEPTS45

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS46

ON THE WEB EXERCISES47

3 Browsers,Information Managers,Operating Systems,and Utilities48

Browsers50

Navigating the Web50

Finding Information51

Communicating51

Personal Information Managers52

Calendar53

Contacts53

Tasks54

System Software54

Windows55

Operating Systems55

Mac OS56

Unix57

Utilities58

Windows Utilities58

Utility Suites60

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE61

VISUAL SUMMARY62

KEY TERMS64

CHAPTER REVIEW64

REVIEWING CONCEPTS66

ON THE WEB EXERCISES67

4 The System Unit68

Electronic Data and Instructions70

Binary Coding Schemes70

System Board72

Microprocessor73

Control Unit73

Arithmetic-Logic Unit73

Microprocessor Chips73

Memory74

RAM74

CMOS76

ROM76

System Clock77

Expansion Slots and Cards77

Making IT Work for You:TV Tuner Cards and Video Clips78

Bus Lines80

Ports and Cables81

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE83

VISUAL SUMMARY84

KEY TERMS87

CHAPTER REVIEW87

REVIEWING CONCEPTS89

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS90

ON THE WEB EXERCISES91

5 Input and Output92

Input:Keyboard versus Direct Entry94

Keyboard Entry94

Keyboards94

Terminals95

Direct Entry96

Pointing Devices96

Scanning Devices98

Voica-Input Devices102

Making IT Work for You:Voice Recognition Systems and Dictating a Paper102

Standards105

Output:Monltors,Printers,Plotters,Voice105

Monitors105

Cathode-Ray Tubes106

Flat-Panel Monitors106

Printers107

Ink-Jet Printer107

Laser Printer107

Thermal Printer108

Other Printers108

Electrostatic Plotter109

Ink-Jet Plotter109

Pen Plotter109

Plotters109

Direct-Imaging Plotter110

Voice-Output Devices110

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE111

VISUAL SUMMARY112

KEY TERMS115

CHAPTER REVIEW115

REVIEWING CONCEPTS118

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS118

ON THE WEB EXERCISES119

6 Secondary Storage120

Floppy Disks122

Today s Standard122

Tommorrow s Standard Floppy Disk122

The Parts of a Floppy Disk123

Hard Disks124

Internal Hard Disk124

Hard-Disk Cartridges125

Hard-Disk Packs125

Performance Enhancements127

Optical Disks128

Compact Disc128

Making IT Work for You:CD-R Drives and Music from the Internet130

Digital Versatile Disc130

Magnetic Tape132

Magnetic Tape Streamers133

Magnetic Tape Reels133

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE135

VISUAL SUMMARY136

KEY TERMS138

CHAPTER REVIEW138

REVIEWING CONCEPTS140

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS140

ON THE WEB EXERCISES141

7 Communications and Connectivity142

Communications and Connectivity144

Fax Machines144

E-Mail144

Voice-Messaging Systems145

Videoconferencing Systems145

Shared Resou?es145

Online Services146

User Connection147

Modems147

Types of Modems148

Types of Connections148

Telephone Lines149

Communications Channels149

Coaxial Cable150

Fiber-Optic Cable150

Microwave150

Satellite150

Data Transmission151

Bandwidth151

Serial and Parallel Transmission152

Direction of Data Transmission152

Modes of Data Transmission153

Protocols153

Terms154

Network Architecture154

Configurations155

Strategies157

Network Types158

Local Area Networks160

Making IT Work for You:Home Networking160

Metropolitan Area Networks162

Wide Area Networks162

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE163

VISUAL SUMMARY164

REVIEWING CONCEPTS169

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS170

ON THE WEB EXERCISES171

8 The Internet and the Web172

Shopping174

Communicating174

Researching174

Entertainment174

Internet Applications174

Providers175

Access175

Connections176

TCP/IP177

E-Mail178

Basic Elements178

Addresses179

Discussion Groups180

Mailing Lists180

Newsgroups181

Chat Groups181

Instant Messaging182

Making IT Work for you:Instant Messaging182

Terms184

Electronic Commerce184

Web Storefronts184

Web Auctions185

Telnet186

Internet Services186

FTP186

Electronic Payment186

Browsers187

The Web187

Uniform Resource Locators187

Gopher187

Web Portals188

Web Pages188

Indekes189

Applets and Java189

Search Tools189

Search Engines190

Web Utilities191

Plug-Ins191

Helper Applications191

Organizational Internets:Intranets and Extranets194

Intranets194

Extranets194

Firewalls194

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE195

VISUAL SUMMARY196

KEY TERMS199

CHAPTER REVIEW200

REVIEWING CONCEPTS202

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS202

ON THE WEB EXERCISES203

9 Multimedia,Web Authorship,and More204

Multimedia206

Links and Buttons206

Story Boards206

Multimedia Authoring Programs207

Web Site Design208

Web Authoring208

Web Authoring Programs208

Graphics Programs209

Desktop Publishing209

Image Editors210

Illustration Programs210

Graphics Suites210

Virtual Reality211

Virtual Reality Authoring Programs212

VRML212

Applications212

Artificial Intelligence213

Knowledge-Based(Expert Systems)213

Robotics214

Project Management215

Project Managers215

PERT Charts216

Gantt Charts216

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE217

VISUAL SUMMARY218

KEY TERMS221

CHAPTER REVIEW221

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS223

REVIEWING CONCEPTS223

ON THE WEB EXERCISES224

10 Privacy,Security,Ergonomics,and the Environment226

Privacy228

Large Databases228

Private Networks229

The Internet and the Web229

Major Laws in Privacy230

Security232

Threats to Computer Security233

Measures to Protect Computer Security236

Ergonomics239

Physical Health239

Mental Health241

Design241

The Environment242

The Green PC243

Personal Responsibility243

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE245

VISUAL SUMMARY246

CHAPTER REVIEW248

KEY TERMS248

REVIEWING CONCEPTS250

ON THE WEB EXERCISES251

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS251

11 Databases252

Key Field254

Data Organization254

Batch versus Real-Time Processing254

Data Flies254

Master Versus Transaction Files255

File Organization255

Need for Databases258

Database258

Database Management258

DBMS Organization259

Hierarchical Database259

Relational Database260

Network Database260

Object-Oriented Database262

Individual263

Types of Databases263

Company or Shared263

Distributed263

Proprietary264

Strategic Uses265

Database Uses and Issues265

Security265

Database Administrator266

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE267

CHAPTER REVIEW267

KEY TERMS267

VISUAL SUMMARY268

KEY TERMS271

CHAPTER REVIEW271

REVIEWING CONCEPTS273

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS274

ON THE WEB EXERCISES275

12 Information Systems276

Management Levels278

Organizational Information Flow278

Functions278

Information Flow280

Computer-Based Information Systems281

Transaction Processing Systems282

Management Information Systems284

Decision Support Systems284

Executive Support Systems286

Other Information Systems287

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE289

VISUAL SUMMARY290

KEY TERMS292

CHAPTER REVIEW292

REVIEWING CONCEPTS294

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS295

ON THE WEB EXERCISES297

13 Systems Analysis and Design298

Systems Analysis and Design300

Phase1:Preliminary Investigation301

Defining the Problem302

Suggesting Alternative Systems302

Preparing a Short Report303

Phase 2:Analysis303

Gathering Data303

Analyzing the Data304

Documenting Systems Analysis307

Phase 3:Design307

Designing Alternative Systems308

Selecting the Best System308

Writing the Systems Design Report308

Phase 4:Development308

Developing Software309

Acquiring Hardware309

Testing the New System310

Phase 5:Implementation310

Types of Conversion310

Training311

Phase 6:Maintenance312

RAD313

Prototyping and RAD313

Prototyping313

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE315

VISUAL SUMMARY316

KEY TERMS319

CHAPTER REVIEW319

REVIEWING CONCEPTS321

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS322

ON THE WEB EXERCISES323

14 Programming and Languages324

Programs and Programming326

What Is a Program?326

What Is Programming?326

Desired Output327

Input Data327

Program Objectives327

Step 1:Program Specification327

Processing Requirements328

Program Specifications Document328

Step 2:Program Design328

Top-Down Program Design328

Pseudocode329

Flowcharts329

Logic Structures331

Step3:Program Code333

The Good Program333

Which Language?333

Logic Errors334

Step 4:Program Test334

Syntax Errors334

Testing Process335

Step 5:Program Documentation336

Step 6:Program Maintenance336

Operations336

Changing Needs337

CASE and OOP337

CASE Tools337

Object-Oriented Software Development338

Assembly Languages:The Second Generation339

High-Level Procedural Languages:The Third Generation339

Machine Languages:The First Generation339

Generations of Programming Languages339

Problem-Oriented Languages:The Fourth Generation341

Natural Languages:The Fifth Generation342

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE343

VISUAL SUMMMARY344

KEY TERMS347

CHAPTER REVIEW347

REVIEWING CONCEPTS349

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS350

ON THE WEB EXERCISES351

15 Your Future and Information Technology352

Changing Times354

New Enterprises355

New Customer and Supplier Relationships355

Technology and Organizations355

New Products355

Technology and People356

Cynicism356

Na？veté356

Frustration356

How You Can Be a Winner357

Stay Current357

Making IT Work for You:Locating Job Opportunities Online358

Maintain Your Commputer Competence360

Develop Professional Contacts360

Develop Specialties360

Be Alert for Organizational Change361

Look for Innovative Opportunities361

Technical Writer362

Programmer362

Network Manager362

Consider a Career in Information Systems362

Database Administrator362

Webmaster362

Systems Anatlyst362

Computer Trainer363

A LOOK TO THE FUTURE363

VISUAL SUMMARY364

KEY TERMS366

CHAPTER REVIEW366

REVIEWING CONCEPTS367

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS368

ON THE WEB EXERCISES369