西方哲学史从苏格拉底到萨特及其后2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

西方哲学史从苏格拉底到萨特及其后PDF格式电子书版下载

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Preface1

Part One ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY5

Chaper 1 Socrates'Predecessors5

What Is Permanent in Existence？7

Thales7

Anaximander8

Anaximenes10

The Mathematical Basis of All Things11

Pythagoras11

Attempts to Explain Change15

Heraclitus15

Parmenides18

Zeno19

Empedocles22

Anaxagoras24

The Atomists25

Atoms and the Void26

Theory of Knowledge and Ethics28

Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates29

The Sophists31

Protagoras32

Gorgias33

Thrasymachus34

Socrates34

Socrates'Life35

Socrates as a Philosopher37

Socrates'Theory of Knowledge：Intellectual Midwifery39

Socrates'Moral Thought42

Socrates'Trial and Death43

Chapter 3 Plato46

Plato's Life46

Theory of Knowledge49

The Cave49

The Divided Line51

Theory of Forms55

Moral Philosophy59

The Concept of the Soul59

The Cause of Evil：Ignorance or Forgetfulness61

Recovering Lost Morality62

Virtue as Fulfillment of Function63

Political Philosophy64

The State as a Giant Person65

The Philosopher-King66

The Virtues in the State67

The Decline of the Ideal State69

View of the Cosmos71

Chapter 4 Aristotle75

Aristotle's Life75

Logic78

The Categories and the Starting Point of Reasoning78

The Syllogism79

Metaphysics81

The Problem of Metaphysics Defined81

Substance as the Primary Essence of Things82

Matter and Form83

The Process of Change：The Four Causes84

Potentiality and Actuality85

The Unmoved Mover86

The Place of Humans：Physics，Biology,and Psychology87

Physics87

Biology88

Psychology88

Ethics90

Types of "Ends"90

The Function of Human Beings91

Happiness as the End92

Virtue as the Golden Mean93

Deliberation and Choice94

Contemplation94

Politics95

Types of States96

Differences and Inequalities96

Good Government and Revolution97

Philosophy of Art98

Part Two HELLENISTIC AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY103

Chapter 5 Classical Philosophy after Aristotle103

Epicureanism104

Physics and Ethics105

God and Death106

The Pleasure Principle106

Individual Pleasure versus Social Duty108

Stoicism108

Wisdom and Control versus Pleasure108

Stoic Theory of Knowledge110

Mafter as the Basis of All Reality111

Good in Everything111

Fate and Providence112

Human Nature112

Ethics and the Human Drama112

The Problem of Freedom113

Cosmopolitanism and Justice114

Skepticism114

The Senses Are Deceptive117

More Rules Raise Doubts117

Morality Possible without Intellectual Certainty118

Plotinus119

God as the One120

The Metaphor of Emanation121

Salvation124

Chapter 6 Augustine125

Augustine's Life125

Human Knowledge128

Overcoming Skepticism128

Knowledge and Sensation128

The Theory of Illumination131

God132

The Created World134

Creation from Nothing134

The Seminal Principles135

Moral Philosophy135

The Role of Love136

Free Will as the Cause of Evil138

Justice139

The History and the Two Cities140

History140

Chapter 7 Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages142

Boethius142

The Consolation of Philosophy144

The Problem of Universals144

Pseudo-Dionysius146

John Scotus Erigena148

The Division of Nature148

New Solutions to the Problem of Universals150

Odo and Guillaume：Exaggerated Realism150

Roscellinus：Nominalism151

Abelard：Conceptualism or Moderate Realism152

Anselm's Ontological Argument153

Anselm's Realism153

Ontological Argument155

Gaunilon's Rebuttal156

Anselm's Reply to Gaunilon156

Faith and Reason in Muslim and Jewish Thought156

Avicenna157

Averroёs159

Moses Maimonides160

Chapter 8 Aquinas and his Late Medieval Successors163

Aquinas's Life164

Bonaventura and the University of Paris166

Philosophy and Theology167

Faith and Reason168

Proofs of God's Existence169

Proofs from Motion，Efficient Cause，and Necessary Being169

Proofs from Perfecfion and Order170

Assessment of the Proofs171

Knowledge of God's Nature171

The Negative Way（Via Negativa）172

Knowledge by Analogy172

Creation173

Is the Created Order Eternal？173

Creation out of Nothing174

Is This the Best Possible World？174

Evil as Privation174

The Range of Created Being：The Chain of Being175

Morality and Natural Law176

Natural Law177

The State180

Human Nature and Knowledge182

Human Nature182

Knowledge182

Scotus，Ockham，and Eckhart183

Voluntarism183

Nominalism184

Mysticism186

Part Three EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY191

Chapter 9 Philosophy during the Renaissance191

The Closing of the Middle Ages191

Humanism and the Italian Renaissance193

Pico193

Machiavelli194

The Reformation196

Luther196

Erasmus198

Skepticism and Faith200

Montaigne200

Pascal203

The Scientific Revolution204

New Discoveries and New Methods205

Modern Atomism206

Francis Bacon208

Distempers of Learning209

Idols of the Mind210

Inductive Method211

Thomas Hobbes212

Influence of Geometry upon Hobbes's Thought212

Bodies in Motion：The Object of Thought213

Mechanical View of Human Thought215

Political Philosophy and Morality216

The State of Nature217

Obligation in the State of Nature218

The Social Contract219

Civil Law versus Natural Law220

Chapter 10 Rationalism on the Continent222

Descartes223

Life223

Descartes'Method226

Methodic Doubt229

The Existence of God and External Things230

Mind and Body232

Spinoza234

Method234

God：Substance and Attribute236

The World as Modes of God's Attributes237

Knowledge，Mind，and Body238

Ethics240

Leibniz241

Substance242

God's Existence244

Knowledge and Nature246

Chapter 11 Empiricism in Britain250

Locke251

Locke's Theory of Knowledge252

Locke's Moral and Political Theory257

Berkeley260

Hume267

Hume's Theory of Knowledge268

What Exists External to Us？271

Ethics273

Part Four LATE MODERN AND 19TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY281

Chapter 12 Kant281

The Shaping of Kant's Problem282

Kant's Critical Philosophy and His Copernican Revolution284

The Way of Critical Philosophy284

The Nature of a priori Knowledge285

The Synthetic A Priori286

Kant's Copernican Revolution288

The Structure of Rational Thought289

The Categories of Thought and the Forms of Intuition289

The Self and the Unity of Experience290

Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality291

Transcendental Ideas of Pure Reason as Regulative Concepts291

The Antinomies and the Limits of Reason292

Proofs of God's Existence294

Practical Reason295

The Basis of Moral Knowledge296

Morality and Rationalty297

"Good"Defined as the Good Will297

The Categorical Imperative298

The Moral Postulates300

Aesthetics：The Beautiful301

The Beautiful as Independent Pleasant Satisfaction302

The Beautiful as an Object of Universal Delight303

Finality versus Purpose in the Beautiful Object303

Necessity，Common Sense，and the Beautiful304

Chapter 13 German Idealism306

Kant's Impact on German Thought306

Hegel308

Life308

Absolute Mind310

The Nature of Reality311

Ethics and Politics316

Absolute Spirit320

Schopenhauer321

Schopenhauer's Life321

The Principle of Sufficient Reason324

The World as Will and Idea326

The Ground of Pessimism328

Is There Any Escape from the"Will"？330

Chapter 14 Utilitarianism and Positivism332

Bentham332

Bentham's Life334

The Principle of Utility335

Law and Punishment337

Bentham's Radicalism339

John Stuart Mill340

Mill's Version of Utilitarianism342

Liberty346

Comte347

Comte's Life and Times347

Positivism Defined350

The Law of the Three Stages351

Comte's Sociology and"Religion of Humanity"352

Chapter 15 Kierkegaard，Marx,and Nietzsche356

Kierkegaard357

Human Existence358

Truth as Subjectivity359

The Aesthetic Stage360

The Ethical Stage361

The Religious Stage362

Marx363

Marx's Life and Influences364

The Epochs of History：Marx's Dialectic367

The Substructure：The Material Order371

The Alienation of Labor374

The Superstructure：The Origin and Role of Ideas376

Nietzsche378

Nietzsche's Life378

"God is Dead"380

The Apolonian versus Dionysian381

Master Morality versus Slave Morality383

The Will to Power385

Revaluafion of All Morals386

The Superperson387

Part Five 20TH CENTURY AND CONTEMPORAary PHILOSOPHY393

Chapter 16 Pragmatism and Process Philosophy393

Pragmatism393

Peirce394

A Theory of Meaning395

The Role of Belief395

The Elements of Method396

James397

Pragmatism as a Method398

The Pragmatic Theory of Truth398

Free Will400

The Will to Believe401

Dewey403

The Spectator versus Experience403

Habit,Intelligence，and Learning405

Value in a World of Fact406

Process Philosophy407

Bergson408

Going Around versus Entering Into409

The Scientific Way of Analysis411

The Metaphysical Way of Intuition412

The Process of Duration413

Evolution and the Vital Impulse414

Morality and Religion415

Whitehead416

The Error of Simple Location417

Self-Consciousness418

Prehension419

Eternal Obiects420

Chapter 17 Analytic Philosophy422

Bertrand Russell423

Logical Atomism424

Problems with Logical Atomism426

Logical Positivism426

The Principle of Verification427

Rudolph Carnap428

Problems with Logical Positivism432

Quine's Critique of Empiricism433

Ludwig Wittgenstein434

Wittgenstein's Road to Philosophy434

The New Wittgenstein437

Language Games and Following Rules438

Clarifying Metaphysical Language439

John Austin440

The Notion of"Excuses"441

The Benefits of Ordinary Language442

Chapter 18 Phenomenology and Existentialism445

Edmund Husserl445

Husserl's Life and Influence445

The Crisis of European Science447

Descartes and Intenfionality449

Phenomena and Phenomenological Bracketting451

The Life-World452

Martin Heidegger453

Heidegger's Life453

Dasein as Being-in-the-World454

Dasein as Concern455

Religious Existentialism456

Karl Jaspers456

Gabriel Marcel458

Jean-Paul Sartre459

Sartre's Life459

Existence Precedes Essence462

Freedom and Responsibility464

Nothingness and Bad Faith465

Human Consciousness466

Marxism and Freedom Revisited468

Maurice Merleau-Ponty469

Merleau-Ponty's Life469

The Primacy of Perception471

The Relativity of Knowledge472

Perception and Politics473

Chapter 19 Recent Philosophy475

The Mind-Body Problem476

Ryle and the Ghost in the Machine476

Identity Theory and Functionalism480

Searle and the Chinese Room Argument481

Rorty483

Influence of Pragmatism485

The Contingency of Language486

The Contingency of Selfhood487

The Contingency of Community489

Virtue Theory Revisited490

Elizabeth Anscombe490

Nel Noddings492

Continental Philosophy494

Structuralism494

Post-Structuralism496

Postmodernism497