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总论1

1 宁夏回族自治区的自然地理概况1

2 宁夏蚧虫的危害状况1

3 宁夏蚧虫的危害特点2

4 宁夏蚧虫成灾原因分析3

5 蚧虫的形态和分类4

5.1 蚧虫的基本形态特征4

5.1.1 雌成虫4

5.1.2 雄成虫5

5.2 蚧虫的分类5

6 蚧虫的生物学特性5

7 蚧虫的综合防治方法6

7.1 植物检疫7

7.2 营林措施7

7.3 生物防治7

7.3.1 利用天敌防治蚧虫的优越性7

7.3.2 生物防治的有效途径7

7.4 物理机械防治8

7.5 化学防治8

各论 宁夏蚧虫种类记述10

1 旌蚧科Ortheziidae10

1.1 旌蚧属Orthezia Bosc d'Antic10

1.1.1 荨麻旌蚧Orthezia urticae(Linnaeus)10

2 绵蚧科Monophlebidae11

2.1 履绵蚧属Drosicha Walker11

2.1.1 日本履绵蚧Drosicha corpulenta(Kuwana)12

2.2 吹绵蚧属Icerya Signoret13

2.2.1 吹绵蚧Icerya purchasi Maskell13

3 珠蚧科Margarodidae15

3.1 松干蚧属Matsucoccus Cockerell15

3.1.1 红松松干蚧Matsucoccus liaoningensis Tang15

3.2 新珠蚧属Neomargarodes Green16

3.2.1 野菊新珠蚧Neomargarodes chondrillae Archangelskaya17

3.3 胭珠蚧属Porphyrophora Brandt ＆ Ratzeburg18

3.3.1 甘草胭珠蚧Porphyrophora sophorae(Archangelskaya)18

3.3.2 乌苏里胭珠蚧Porphyrophora ussuriensis Borchsenius19

4 粉蚧科Pseudococcidae20

4.1 配粉蚧属Allotrionymus Takahashi23

4.1.1 多孔配粉蚧Allotrionymus multipori Kawai23

4.2 安粉蚧属Antonina Signoret24

4.2.1 远东安粉蚧Antonina tesquorum Danzig24

4.3 黑粉蚧属Atrococcus Goux25

4.3.1 蓍草黑粉蚧Atrococcus achilleae(Kiritshenko)26

4.3.2 内蒙黑粉蚧Atrococcus innermangolicus Tang27

4.3.3 太平洋黑粉蚧Atrococcus pacificus(Borchsenius)28

4.3.4 草地黑粉蚧Atrococcus paludinus(Green)29

4.4 雪粉蚧属Ceroputo Sulc30

4.4.1 古北雪粉蚧Ceroputo pilosellae Sulc30

4.5 鞘粉蚧属Chaetococcus Maskell32

4.5.1 吐伦鞘粉蚧Chaetococcus turanicus Borchsenius32

4.6 隹粉蚧属Chnaurococcus Ferris33

4.6.1 蒙古隹粉蚧Chnaurococcus mongolicus(Danzig)33

4.7 巧粉蚧属Chorizococcus McKenzie34

4.7.1 鸦葱巧粉蚧Chorizococcus scorzonerae Tang34

4.8 盘粉蚧属Coccura Sulc35

4.8.1 西欧盘粉蚧Coccura comari(Kunow)36

4.8.2 远东盘粉蚧Coccura convexa Borchsenius37

4.9 皑粉蚧属Crisicoccus Ferris38

4.9.1 贺兰皑粉蚧Crisicoccus helanensis Wu38

4.10 灰粉蚧属Dysmicoccus Ferris39

4.10.1 中亚灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus multivorus(Kiritshenko)40

4.11 草粉蚧属Fonscolombia Lichtenstein41

4.11.1 宁夏草粉蚧，新种Fonscolombia ningxiana Wu,sp.nov41

4.11.2 蒙古草粉蚧Fonscolombia tshadaevae(Danzig)42

4.12 胶粉蚧属Glycycnyza Danzig（中国新记录）43

4.12.1 胡杨胶粉蚧Glycycnyza turangicola Danzig（中国新记录）43

4.13 星粉蚧属Heliococcus Sulc44

4.13.1 旧北星粉蚧Heliococcus bohemicus Sulc44

4.13.2 巴氏星粉蚧Heliococcus pavlovskii Borchsenius et Tereznikova45

4.13.3 侵若星粉蚧Heliococcus pamirensis Bazarov46

4.13.4 蒙古星粉蚧Heliococcus tesquorum Borchsenius47

4.14 壤粉蚧属Humococcus Ferris48

4.14.1 东方壤粉蚧Humococcus orientalis(Borchsenius)49

4.15 长粉蚧属Longicoccus Danzig50

4.15.1 冰草长粉蚧，新种Longicoccus agropyri Wu,sp.nov50

4.15.2 赖草长粉蚧Longicoccus leymicola（Tang）新组合n.comb51

4.16 藜粉蚧属Metadenopsis Matesova（中国新记录）52

4.16.1 琐琐藜粉蚧Metadenopsis ceratocarpi Matesova（中国新记录）52

4.17 美粉蚧属Metadenopus Sulc53

4.17.1 羊茅美粉蚧Metadenopus festucae Sulc53

4.18 小粉蚧属Mirococcopsis Borchsenius54

4.18.1 中国小粉蚧Mirococcopsis chinensis Tang54

4.19 新粉蚧属Neotrionymus Borchsenius55

4.19.1 芦苇新粉蚧Neotrionymus monstatus Borchsenius56

4.20 堆粉蚧属Nipaecoccus Sulc57

4.20.1 枸杞堆粉蚧Nipaecoccus lycii Tang57

4.21 品粉蚧属Peliococcus Borchsenius58

4.21.1 艾草品粉蚧Peliococcus chersonensis(Kiritshenko)58

4.21.2 枸杞品粉蚧Peliococcus lycicola Tang60

4.22 绵粉蚧属Phenacoccus Cockerell61

4.22.1 无管绵粉蚧Phenacoccus atubulatus Wu61

4.22.2 野麦绵粉蚧Phenacoccus bazarovi Ben-Dov62

4.22.3 额济绵粉蚧Phenacoccus ejinensis Tang63

4.22.4 古北绵粉蚧Phenacoccus interruptus Green64

4.22.5 拟芬绵粉蚧Phenacoccus phencoccoides(Kiritshenko)65

4.22.6 远东绵粉蚧Phenacoccus poriferus Borchsenius66

4.22.7 苹果绵粉蚧Phenacoccus transcaucasicus Hadzibejli67

4.23 臀纹粉蚧属Planococcus Ferris68

4.23.1 柑橘臀纹粉蚧Planococcus citri(Risso)69

4.24 粉蚧属Pseudococcus Westwood70

4.24.1 康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki(Kuwana)71

4.24.2 柑橘棘粉蚧Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel72

4.24.3 拟葡萄粉蚧Pseudococcus viburni(Signoret)73

4.25 土粉蚧属Ripersiella Tinsley74

4.25.1 贺兰土粉蚧Ripersiellahelanensis Tang75

4.26 蔗粉蚧属Saccharicoccus Ferris75

4.26.1 旧北蔗粉蚧Saccharicoccus penium Williams76

4.27 匹粉蚧属Spilococcus Ferris77

4.27.1 艾蒿匹粉蚧Spilococcus artemsiphilus(Tang)77

4.27.2 内蒙古匹粉蚧Spilococcus innermongolicus Tang78

4.28 刺粉蚧属Spinococcus Kiritshenko79

4.28.1 多管刺粉蚧Spinococcus multitubulatus（Danzig）（中国新记录）79

4.29 脐粉蚧属Tridiscus Ferris81

4.29.1 醉马草脐粉蚧Tridiscus achnatherum Wu81

4.30 条粉蚧属Trionymus Berg82

4.30.1 黑麦条粉蚧Trionymus aberrans Goux82

4.30.2 孤独条粉蚧Trionymus singulars Schmutterer83

5 毡蚧科Eriococcidae84

5.1 白毡蚧属Asiacornococcus Tang et Hao85

5.1.1 柿树白毡蚧Asiacornococcus kaki(Kuwana)86

5.2 毡蚧属Eriococcus Targioni-Tozzetti87

5.2.1 槭毡蚧Eriococcus acericola Tang et Hao87

5.2.2 山杏毡蚧Eriococcus armeniacus Tang et Hao88

5.2.3 杜梨毡蚧 Eriococcus betulae foliae Tang et Hao89

5.2.4 鲍氏毡蚧Eriococcus borchsenii(Danzig)90

5.2.5 长刺毡蚧Eriococcus cingulatus Kiritshenko91

5.2.6 石榴囊毡蚧Eriococcus lagerostroemiae Kuwana92

5.2.7 缘边囊毡蚧Eriococcus marginalis(Borchsenius)94

5.2.8 小型毡蚧Eriococcus minimus(Tang)95

5.2.9 多刺毡蚧Eriococcus multispinatus(Tang et Hao)96

5.2.10 宁夏毡蚧Eriococcus ningxianensis Tang et Hao97

5.2.11 柳树干毡蚧Eriococcus salicis Borchsenius97

5.2.12 霸王毡蚧Eriococcus zygophylli Archangelskaya99

6 链蚧科Asterolecaniidae100

6.1 竹链蚧属Bambusaspis Cockerell100

6.1.1 广布竹链蚧Bambusaspis bambusae(Boisduval)101

7 仁蚧科Aclerdidae102

7.1 日仁蚧属Nipponaclerda McConnell102

7.1.1 芦苇日仁蚧Nipponaclerda biwakoensis(Kuwana)102

8 蚧科Coccidae103

8.1 蜡蚧属Ceroplastes Gray105

8.1.1 日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green105

8.2 蚧属Coccus Linnaeus107

8.2.1 褐软蚧Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus107

8.3 绿棉蚧属Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius108

8.3.1 柑橘绿棉蚧Chloropulvinaria aurantii(Cockerell)109

8.3.2 多角绿棉蚧Chloropulvinaria polygonata(Cockerell)110

8.4 毛球蚧属Didesmococcus Borchsenius111

8.4.1 朝鲜毛球蚧Didesmococcus koreanus Borchsenius111

8.5 绒茧蚧属Eriopeltis Signoret112

8.5.1 羊毛绒茧蚧Eriopeltis festucae(Fonscolombe)113

8.6 球坚蚧属Eulecanium Cockerell114

8.6.1 白桦球坚蚧Eulecanium douglasi(Sulc)114

8.6.2 瘤大球坚蚧Eulecanium gigantea(Shinji)115

8.6.3 榆皱球坚蚧Eulecanium kostylevi Borchsenius117

8.6.4 皱大球坚蚧Eulecanium kuwanai(Kanda)118

8.7 坚蚧属Parthenolecanium Sulc119

8.7.1 水木坚蚧Parthenolecanium corni(Bouche)120

8.7.2 桃坚蚧Parthenolecanium persicae(Fabricius)121

8.8 棉蚧属Pulvinaria Targioni-Tozzetti122

8.8.1 葡萄棉蚧Pulvinaria vitis(Linnaeus)123

8.9 褐球蚧属Rhodococcus Borchsenius124

8.9.1 朝鲜褐球蚧Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius125

8.9.2 吐伦褐球蚧Rhodococcus turanicus Archangelskaya126

8.10 盔蚧属Saissetia Deplanches127

8.10.1 咖啡黑盔蚧Saissetia coffeae(Walker)127

8.10.2 橄榄盔蚧Saissetia oleae(Oliver)128

8.11 马头蚧属Scythia Kiritshenko130

8.11.1 中华马头蚧Scythia sinensis Wu130

8.12 纽棉蚧属Takahashia Cockerell131

8.12.1 日本纽棉蚧Takahashia japonica Cockerell131

9 盾蚧科Diaspididae132

9.1 黯圆盾蚧属Abgrallaspis Balachowsky136

9.1.1 灰黯圆盾蚧Abgrallaspis cyanophylli(Signoret)136

9.2 圆盾蚧属Aspidiotus Bouche138

9.2.1 透明圆盾蚧Aspidiotus destructor Signoret138

9.2.2 常春藤圆盾蚧Aspidiotus nerii Bouche139

9.3 白轮盾蚧属Aulacaspis Cockerell141

9.3.1 大缺白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis amamiana Takagi142

9.3.2 珠兰白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis crawii(Cockerell)142

9.3.3 胡颓子白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis difficillis(Cockerell)144

9.3.4 蔷薇白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis rosae(Bouche)145

9.3.5 月季白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis rosarum Borchsenius146

9.4 雪盾蚧属Chionaspis Signoret147

9.4.1 柽柳雪盾蚧Chionaspis etrusca Leonardi148

9.4.2 细腺雪盾蚧Chionaspis micropori Marl149

9.4.3 孟雪盾蚧Chionaspis montana Borchsenius150

9.4.4 拟孟雪盾蚧Chionaspis montanoides Tang et Li151

9.4.5 多腺雪盾蚧Chionaspis polypora Borchsenius152

9.4.6 乌柳雪盾蚧Chionaspis salicis-nigrae(Walsh)152

9.4.7 柳雪盾蚧Chionaspis salicis(Linnaeus)153

9.5 褐圆盾蚧属Chrysomphalus Ashmead155

9.5.1 黑褐圆盾蚧Chrysomphalus aonidum(Linnaeus)155

9.6 灰圆盾蚧属Diaspidiotus Berlese157

9.6.1 沙枣灰圆盾蚧Diaspidiotus elaeagni(Borchsenius)157

9.7 盾蚧属Diaspis Costa158

9.7.1 仙人掌白盾蚧Diaspis echinocacti(Bouche)159

9.8 蜕盾蚧属Fiorinia Targioni-Tozzetti160

9.8.1 少腺蜕盾蚧Fiorinia fioriniae(Targioni-Tozzetti)161

9.9 栉圆盾蚧属Hemiberlesia Cockerell162

9.9.1 棕榈栉圆盾蚧Hemiberlesia lataniae(Signoret)162

9.10 蛎盾蚧属Lepidosaphes Shimer164

9.10.1 紫疤蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes beckii(Newman)164

9.10.2 茶蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke165

9.10.3 梅蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes conchiformis Gmelin166

9.10.4 苏铁疤蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes cycadicola(Kuwana)169

9.10.5 葛氏蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes gloverii(Packard)170

9.10.6 杉蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes pini(Maskell)172

9.10.7 柳蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes salicina Borchsenius173

9.10.8 沙棘蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes turanica Archangelskaya174

9.10.9 榆蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes ulmi(Linnaeus)175

9.10.10 杨蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes yanagicola Kuwana177

9.11 长白盾蚧属Lopholeucaspis Balachowsky179

9.11.1 日本长白盾蚧Lopholeucaspis japonica(Cockerell)179

9.12 绵盾蚧属Odonaspis Leonardi181

9.12.1 格氏绵盾蚧Odonaspis greenii Cockerell181

9.13 粕片盾蚧属Parlagena McKenzie182

9.13.1 黄杨粕片盾蚧Parlagena buxi(Takahashi)182

9.14 星片盾蚧属Parlatoreopsis Lindinger183

9.14.1 中国星片盾蚧Parlatoreopsis chinensis(Marlatt)184

9.14.2 梨星片盾蚧Parlatoreopsis pyri(Marlatt)185

9.15 片盾蚧属Parlatoria Targioni-Tozzetti186

9.15.1 山茶片盾蚧Parlatoria carnelliae Comstock187

9.15.2 侧柏片盾蚧Parlatoria cupressi Ferris189

9.15.3 黄片盾蚧Parlatoria proteus(Curtis)190

9.15.4 茶片盾蚧Parlatoria theae Cockerell191

9.16 并盾蚧属Pinnaspis Cockerell192

9.16.1 百合并盾蚧Pinnaspis aspidistrae(Signoret)192

9.16.2 黄杨并盾蚧Pinnaspis buxi(Bouche)194

9.17 原盾蚧属Prodiaspis Young196

9.17.1 中国原盾蚧Prodiaspis sinensis(Tang)196

9.18 白盾蚧属Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray198

9.18.1 考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli(Cooley)198

9.18.2 桑白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Targioni-Tozzetti)200

9.19 笠圆盾蚧属Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray202

9.19.1 杨笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus gigas(Thiem et Gerneck)202

9.19.2 大管笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus macroporanus Takagi204

9.19.3 桦笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus ostreae formis(Curtis)205

9.19.4 梨笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus perniciosus(Comstock)207

9.19.5 突笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus slavonicus(Green)209

9.20 晋盾蚧属Shansiaspis Tang210

9.20.1 柽柳晋盾蚧Shansiaspis ovalis Chen211

9.20.2 垂柳晋盾蚧Shansiaspis salicis Chen212

9.20.3 中华晋盾蚧Shansiaspis sinensis Tang213

9.21 尖盾蚧属Unaspis MacGillivray214

9.21.1 卫矛尖盾蚧Unaspis euanymi(Comstock)215

9.21.2 矢尖盾蚧Unaspis yanonensis(Kuwana)216

宁夏蚧虫天敌种类记述218

1 膜翅目Hymenoptera218

1.1 跳小蜂科Encyrtidae218

1.1.1 粉蚧长索跳小蜂Anagyrus dactylopis(Howard)218

1.1.2 寡节长缨跳小蜂Anthemus aspidioti Nikol'skaga219

1.1.3 球蚧蓝绿跳小蜂Blastothrix sericea(Dalm.)219

1.1.4 长缘刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus claviger Thomoson220

1.1.5 刷盾短喙跳小蜂Encyrtus sasakii Ishii221

1.1.6 刷盾跳小蜂Eucomys scutellata(Swed.)222

1.1.7 棉蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus pulvinariae(Howard)223

1.1.8 球蚧花翅跳小蜂Microterys clauseni Compere224

1.1.9 粉蚧短角跳小蜂Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan224

1.2 蚜小蜂科Aphelinidae225

1.2.1 赖食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus lycimnia(Walker)225

2 鞘翅目Coleoptera226

2.1 瓢甲科Coccinellidae226

2.1.1 二星瓢虫Adalia bipunctata(Linnaeus)226

2.1.2 红点唇瓢虫Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri227

2.1.3 黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidus Hope228

2.1.4 异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)229

2.1.5 多星瓢虫Oenopia conglobata(Linnaeus)230

2.1.6 龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)231

2.1.7 二星小瓢虫Scymnus bipunctatus Kugclam232

2.2 方头甲科Cybocephalidae233

2.2.1 日本方头甲Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrody-Younga233

3 鳞翅目Lepidoptera234

3.1 举肢蛾科Heliodinidae234

3.1.1 北京举肢蛾Beijinga utila Yang234

4 脉翅目Neuroptera235

4.1 草蛉科Chrysopidae235

4.1.1 丽草蛉Chrysopa formosa Brauer235

4.1.2 多斑草蛉Chrysopa intima Maclachlan236

4.1.3 叶色草蛉Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael237

4.1.4 大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata Wasmaei237

4.1.5 中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tjeder238

4.2 褐蛉科Hemerobiidae240

4.2.1 全北褐蛉Hemerobius humuli Linnaeus240

4.2.2 薄叶脉线蛉Neuronema laminata Tjeder240

5 半翅目Hemiptera241

5.1 花蝽科Anthocoridae241

5.1.1 多毛原花蝽Anthocoris pilosus(Jakovlev)241

5.1.2 微小花蝽Orius minutes(Linnaeus)242

6 缨翅目Thysanoptera243

6.1 纹蓟马科Aeolothripidae243

6.1.1 间纹蓟马Aeolothrips intermedius Bagall243

参考文献244

English abstract250

蚧虫中文名称索引266

蚧虫拉丁文名称索引268

蚧虫寄主中英文对照270