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ITHE CONSTITUTION AND THE RIGHTS OF AMERICANS1

The Living Constitution3

The Amendment Process7

The Supreme Court and the Amendment Process9

1. APPROACHES TO SUPREME COURT DECISION MAKING13

Legally Relevant Approaches13

Extralegal Approaches24

READINGS41

2. INCORPORATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS43

Must States Abide by the Bill of Rights? Initial Responses43

Barton v. Baltimore (1833)44

Incorporation Through the Fourteenth Amendment: Early Interpretations46

Hurtado v. California (1884)48

New Life for Incorporation52

Twining v. New Jersey (19o8)53

Incorporation in the Wake of Twining55

Palko v. Connecticut (1937)56

In the Aftermath of Palko: Incorporation and the Warren Court58

Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)60

READINGS66

II CIVIL LIBERTIES67

3. RELIGION: EXERCISE AND ESTABLISHMENT73

Defining Religion74

Free Exercise of Religion78

Cantwell v. Connecticut 0940)80

Sherbert v. Verner (1963)88

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)93

Goldman v. Weinberger 0986)99

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (199o)107

Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)116

Religious Establishment126

Everson v. Board of Education (1947)131

Lemon v. Kurtzman; Earley v. DiCenso (1971)143

Lamb's Chapd v. Center Moriches Union Free SchoolDistrict (1993)159

Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)164

County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)171

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963)179

Wallace v. Jaffree 1985)185

Lee v. Weisman 1992)192

READINGS202

4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ASSEMBLY, AND ASSOCIATION203

The Development of Legal Standards: The Emergence of Law in Times of Crisis204

Schenck v. United States (1919)208

Abrams v. United States (1919)210

Gitlow v. New York (1925)215

Dennis v. United States 1951)226

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)234

Regulating Expression: Content and Contexts237

United States v. O'Brien (1968)241

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)245

Texas v. Johnson (1989)250

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)256

Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)259

Adderley v. Florida (1966)262

Cohen v. California (1971)267

Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc. 1994)272

R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota (1992)280

Wisconsin v. Mitchell1993)285

West Virginia Board of Education v. Bamette (1943)289

Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)294

Bates v. State Bar of Arizona 1977)298

City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc. (1993)306

READINGS311

5. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS313

Prior Restraint314

Near v. Minnesota (1931)315

New York Times v. United States (1971)320

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)330

Government Control of Press Content334

Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991)335

Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974)338

Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC 1969)341

The Media and Special Rights345

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)346

READINGS352

6. THE BOUNDARIES OF FREE EXPRESSION: OBSCENITY AND LIBEL353

Obscenity353

Roth v. United States (1957)356

Miller v. California 1973)362

New York v. Ferber (1982)368

Libel378

New York Times v. Sullivan 1964)379

rtz v. Welch 1974)390

Hustler Magazine v. Falwel1988)395

Masson v. New Yorker Magazine 1991)399

READINGS404

THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY405

The Right to Privacy: Foundations406

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)409

Private Activities and the Application of Griswold415

Stanley v. Georgia 1969)416

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)417

Crazan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (199o)423

Reproductive Freedom and the Right to Privacy: Abortion431

Roe v. Wade (1973)433

Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983)451

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)463

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)471

READINGS484

III THE RIGHTS OF THE CRIMINALLY ACCUSED485

8. INVESTIGATIONS AND EVIDENCE493

The Fourth Amendment: Historical Notes494

The Supreme Court and the Fourth Amendment495

Illinois v. Gates (1983)496

Katz v. United States (1967)502

Chimd v. California (1969)507

Cupp v. Murphy (1973)513

National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab (1989)516

Terry v. Ohio (1968)522

United States v. Ross (1982)529

Enforcing the Fourth Amendment:The Exclusionary Rule536

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)538

United States v. Leon (1984)547

The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination554

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)556

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)558

Berkemer v. McCarty (1984)569

Rhode Island v. Innis (198o)573

READINGS580

9. ATTORNEYS, TRIALS, AND PUNISHMENTS581

The Right to Counsel581

Powell v. Alabama (1932)582

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)585

The Pretrial Period and the Right to Bail591

United States v. Salerno (1987)591

The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trials595

Batson v. Kentucky (1986)598

Sheppard v. Maxwell(1966)606

Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (198o)612

Trial Proceedings615

Maryland v. Craig (1990)616

Final Trial Stage: An Overview of Sentencing619

The Eighth Amendment621

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)623

McCleskey v. Kemp (1987)634

Post-Trial Stages641

Ashe v. Swenson (197o)642

READINGS644

IV CIVIL RIGHTS645

10. DISCRIMINATION57

Racial Discrimination657

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)658

Sweatt v. Painter (195o)665

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)669

Loving v. Virginia (1967)672

Palmore v. Sidoti (1984)674

Washington v. Davis (1976)676

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)679

Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961)682

Moose Lodge #1o7 v. lrvis (1972)685

Sex Discrimination687

Reedy. Reed (1971)690

Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)692

Craig v. Boren (1976)695

Michad M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County (1981)700

Rostker v. Goldberg (1981)703

Orr v. Orr (1979)705

Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982)707

Economic Discrimination712

Shapiro v. Thompson 1969)712

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)725

Alien Discrimination722

Foley v. Connelie (1978)722

Plyer v. Doe (1982)724

Discrimination Remedies728

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education (1979730

United States v. Fordice (1992)736

Roberts v. United States ]aycees 1984)742

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)747

Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, California (1987)754

City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989)759

Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC 1990)764

Contemporary Developments in Discrimination Law769

READINGS773

11. VOTING AND REPRESENTATION775

Voting Rights775

Smith v. Allwright (1944)780

Louisiana v. United States (1965)783

South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1965)787

Kramer v. Union Free SchooI District 1969)790

Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966)793

Dunn v. Blumstein 1972)796

Political Representation798

Baker v. Cart 1962)802

Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)804

Reynolds v. Sims 1964)808

Karcher v. Daggett 1983)825

Mahan v. Howell (1973)818

United ]ewish Organizations of Williamsburgh Care)/(1977)822

Shaw v. Reno 1993)827

Davis v. Bandemer 1986)833

READINGS836

REFERENCE MATERIAL847

U.S. Presidents849

Thumbnail Sketch of the Supreme Court's History851

The Justices853

Natural Courts859

The American Legal System865

The Processing of Cases866

Supreme Court Calendar867

Briefing Supreme Court Cases868

Glossary870

Subject Index875

Case Index892

Illustration Credits899