含稀土的铸铁 英文2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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INTRODUCTION7

1 THE CHINESE RARE EARTHS INDUSTRY7

1.1 Abundance Of Rare Earths Resources7

1.2 Different Types Of Rare Earths Minerals9

1.3 Different Producers and Range Of Rare Earths Products12

1.4 Applications Of the Rare Earths14

1.4.1 Applications in metallurgy14

1.4.2 APPlications in non-ferrous metals15

1.4.3 Applications in the petro-chemical industry15

1.4.4 Applications in glass and ceramics15

1.4.5 Applications in textiles,wool dyeing and leather tanning15

1.4.6 APPlications in electronics and Hi-Tech areas16

1.4.7 APPlications in medicine16

1.4.8 Applications in agriculture17

2 THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALSOF THE APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTHS IN CAST IRONS19

2.1 Basic Properties Of Rare Earths Metals22

2.1.1 Electron configuration of rare earthel ements22

2.1.2 Physical properties of rare earth elements24

2.1.3 Thermodynamic properties of rare earth elements29

2.1.4 Chemical properties of rare earth elements32

2.1.5 Mechanical properties of rare earth metals38

2.2 Reaction Thermodynamics of Rare Earths with O.S and Other Elements in Cast lrons and Alloy Phase Diagrams42

2.2.1 Reaction thermodynamics of REs with O.S and other elements in cast iron42

2.2.2 Phase diagrams of rare earths and elements53

2.3 Solubility of Rare Earths in lrons70

2.4 Reaction Dynamics of Rare Earth Elements with Other Elements in Cast lron MeltS72

2.5 Effects of Rare Earths on Microstructures and Properties of Cast lrons73

2.5.1 Improved mechanical properties of cast irons73

2.5.2 Modification of graphite morphology in cast irons74

2.5.3 Reduction of the eutectic cell size82

2.5.4 Neutralisation of the deleterious effect of subversive elements on spheroidization83

2.5.5 Duplex effects on the chilling tendency of cast iron86

2.5.6 Morphology and composition of inclusions containing rare earth metals87

2.5.7 Improvement on the properties of cast irons at elevated temperatures87

2.6 Summary100

Reference101

3 SPHEROIDISERS,VERMICULARISERS AND INOCULANTS CONTAINING RARE EARTHS103

3.1 Spheroidisers Containing Rare Earths103

3.1.1 Discovery of spheroidal graphite cast irons103

3.1.2 Spheroidising elements and spheroidisers containing rare earths105

3.1.3 Subversive elements for spheroidisation118

3.1.4 Composition design of spheroidisers124

3.2 Vermiculariser Containing Rare Earths141

3.2.1 Discovery and development of vermicular graphite cast iron141

3.2.2 Vermicularising elements and vermiculariser142

3.2.3 Ratio of RE/Mg in vermicularisers148

3.2.4 Specifications of vermicularisers152

3.3 Inoculants Containing Rare Earths154

3.3.1 Development of inoculation techniology154

3.3.2 Inoculation of grey cast irons and inoculants containing rare earths156

3.3.3 Specifications of inoculants in different countries160

3.3.4 Inoculants for spheroidal graphite cast iron166

3.3.5 Inoculants for malleable cast iron170

Reference175

4 SPHEROIDISING,VERMICULARISING AND INOCULATING METHODS178

4.1 Melting Technology of Cast lron178

4.1.1 Technological and economical demand for cupola melting181

4.1.2 Cupola melting technology183

4.1.3 Induction furnace melting187

4.2 Desulphurisation189

4.2.1 Ladle desulphurization190

4.2.2 Rotable container desulphurization191

4.2.3 Porous plug desulphurization191

4.2.4 Mechanical stirring method192

4.2.5 Shaking ladle desulphurization192

4.2.6 Continuous desulphurisation in cupola forehearth194

4.3 Spheroidising,Vermicularising and lnoculating Methods196

4.3.1 Spheroidising methods197

4.3.2 Vermicularising methods210

4.3.3 Inoculating methods for grey cast irons containing rare earth alloys213

Reference216

5 SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON CONTAINING RARE EARTHS217

5.1 Production and Properties of Spheroidal Graphite Cast lron containing Rare Earths217

5.1.1 Composition control of base iron217

5.1.2 Casting properties223

5.1.3 Heat treatment of spheroidal graphite cast iron238

5.1.4 Mechanical properties of spheroidal graphite cast iron252

5.1.5 Physical properties of SGCI271

5.1.6 Industrial application performance281

5.1.7 Defects of spheroidal graphite cast iron288

5.2 Typical Applications of Spheroidal Graphite Cast lron294

5.2.1 Spheroidal graphite cast iron pipes294

5.2.2 Spheroidal graphite cast iron ingot molds301

5.2.3 Spheroidal graphite cast iron rollers305

5.2.4 SGCI castings in automobile and tractor307

5.2.5 Application of SGCI in petroleum and chemical mechanical equipment311

Reference311

6 VERMICULAR GRAPHITE CAST IRON CONTAINING RARE EARTHS314

6.1 Production and Properties of Vermicular Graphite Cast lron Containing Rare Earths314

6.1.1 Production of vermicular graphite cast iron containing rare earths314

6.1.2 Mechanical properties316

6.1.3 Physical properties322

6.1.4 Casting properties327

6.1.5 Industrial applications and performance330

6.2 Production and Properties of Austempered Vermicular Graphite Cast lron332

6.2.1 Production of austempered vermicular graphite cast iron332

6.2.2 Typical microstructure of the austempered vermicular graphite cast iron332

6.2.3 Tensile properties334

6.2.4 Impact toughness335

6.2.5 Thermal fatigue336

6.2.6 Increase of weight by oxidation336

6.2.7 Tensile percentage337

6.2.8 Thermal expansive coefficient337

6.2.9 Wear resistance337

6.3 Applications of Vermicular Graphite Cast lron339

6.3.1 Applications of castings under thermo-cycle conditions339

6.3.2 Applications in pump and valve castings for air and water pressure service344

6.3.3 Applications in intricate,thin section shell-type castings345

6.3.4 Applications in heavy machine tool castings347

Reference349

7 GREY CAST IRON AND OTHER CAST IRONS CONTAINING RARE EARTHS351

7.1 Applications of Rare Earths in Grey Cast lron351

7.1.1 Grey cast iron high pressure radiators containing rare earths351

7.1.2 Grey cast iron pipes containing rare earths354

7.1.3 Grey cast iron ingot moulds containing rare earths356

7.1.4 Application of grey cast iron containing REs in pump castings356

7.1.5 Application of grey cast iron containing rare earths in machine tool castings357

7.2 APPlication of Rare Earths in White Cast lron357

7.2.1 APPlication of rare earths in medium-Mn white cast iron357

7.2.2 APPlication of rare earths in high-Cr white cast iron358

7.3 APPlication of Rare Earths in Malleable Cast lron and Spheroidal Graphite Malleable Cast Iron359

7.3.1 Application of rare earths in malleable cast iron359

7.3.2 Application of rare earths in spheroidal graphite malleable cast iron359

Reference360

APPENDIX361

1. Symbol of Chinese national and departmental standards361

11. Standards for cast irons in different countries362

11.1. International standards for cast irons362

11.2. Chinese standards for cast irons365

11.3. British standards for cast irons370

11.4. American standards for cast irons375

11.5. German standards for cast irons377

11.6. French standards for cast irons380

11.7. Japanese standards for cast irons382

11.8. The former USSR standards for cast irons383