THE MILITARISATION OF PEACEKEEPING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1.The Changed Nature of Peacekeeping3

2.Militarised Peacekeeping： Slouching Towards Crisis5

3.Structure of the Book10

4.The Definition of Peacekeeping12

2 Peacekeeping： The Opposite of Enforcement？17

1.Introduction17

2.The Changed Nature of Peacekeeping20

2.1 Peace Observation Missions21

2.2 UNEF I-Type Missions22

2.3 Post-UNEF I Non-Militarised Missions26

2.4 Militarised Peacekeeping31

2.4.1 ONUC （1960-64）32

2.4.2 An Agenda for Peace （1992-95）33

2.4.3 Twenty-First Century Peacekeeping（October 1999-Present）36

2.5 Conclusion on the Changed Nature of Peacekeeping42

3.The Changed Nature of Enforcement43

3.1 Full-Blown Enforcement45

3.2 Sanctions-Related Enforcement47

3.3 Quasi-Enforcement51

3.4 Conclusions on the Changed Nature of Enforcement54

4.The Changed Nature of Peace-Enforcement56

4.1 An Agenda for Peace56

4.2 Late 1990s56

4.3 Twenty-First Century Peace-Enforcement58

4.4 Conclusion on the Changed Nature of Peace-Enforcement61

5.Conclusion62

3 The Peacekeeping Powers of the Security Council and the Limitations Thereupon64

1.Introduction64

2.Purposes and Principles of the UN68

2.1 Article 1： Purposes69

2.1.1 Article 1（1）： To Maintain International Peace and Security70

2.2 Article 2： Principles72

2.2.1 Article 2（1）： Sovereign Equality73

2.2.2 Article 2（4）： Non-Use of Force73

2.2.3 Article 2（7）： Non-Intervention in Domestic Matters75

2.3 Conclusions on Purposes and Principles77

3.Security Council Powers77

3.1 Chapter Ⅵ Powers78

3.2 Chapter Ⅶ Powers80

3.2.1 Powers under Article 3981

3.2.2 Powers under Article 4087

3.2.3 Powers under Article 4195

3.2.4 Powers under Article 42101

4.Implied Security Council Powers105

4.1 Chapter Ⅵ and Implied Powers107

4.2 Powers Implied Outside Chapter Ⅶ108

4.3 Chapter Ⅶ Implied Powers109

4.4 Limitations on Implied Powers112

4.5 Conclusions on Implied Powers113

5.Overall Conclusions on the Security Council’s Legal Powers/Constraints114

5.1 Peacekeeping as an Enforcement Measure114

5.2 Peacekeeping as a Mandatory Provisional Measure under Article 40116

5.3 Peacekeeping where Consent is Legally Required117

5.3.1 Nature and Legality of the Consent118

5.3.2 Withdrawal of Consent120

4 When Peacekeeping and Enforcement Overlap： Twentieth Century Practice122

1.Introduction122

2.UNEF I （November 1956-June 1967）123

2.1 Mandate and Functioning123

2.2 Evaluation125

2.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’125

2.2.2 Constitutional Basis127

3.ONUC （July 1960-June 1964）128

3.1 Mandate and Functioning128

3.2 Evaluation129

3.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’129

3.2.2 Constitutional Basis134

3.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success141

4.Missions in the Mid-1990s142

4.1 Mandates and Functioning143

4.1.1 The Former Yugoslavia （February 1992-December 2002）143

4.1.2 Somalia （April 1992-March 1995）146

4.1.3 Rwanda （October 1993-March 1996）148

4.1.4 Haiti （September 1993-March 2000）150

4.2 Evaluation151

4.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’151

4.2.2 Constitutional Bases157

4.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success of the Militarised Peacekeeping Operations160

5.Conclusions163

5 When Peacekeeping and Enforcement Overlap： Twenty-First Century Practice - The Early Operations165

1.Introduction165

2.Sierra Leone （October 1999-December 2005）166

2.1 Mandate and Functioning166

2.2 Evaluation171

2.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’171

2.2.2 Constitutional Basis175

2.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success177

3.East Timor （October 1999-May 2002 and May 2002-May 2005）181

3.1 Mandate and Functioning181

3.2 Evaluation189

3.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’189

3.2.2 Constitutional Basis190

3.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success191

4.Democratic Republic of the Congo （November 1999-30 June 2010 and July 1 2010-Present）192

4.1 Mandate and Functioning192

4.2 Evaluation211

4.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’211

4.2.2 Constitutional Basis215

4.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success216

6 When Peacekeeping and Enforcement Overlap： Twenty-First Century Practice - The Later Operations218

1.Introduction218

2.Liberia （September 2003-present）219

2.1 The Mission219

2.2 Evaluation225

2.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’225

2.2.2 Constitutional Basis227

2.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success228

3.Cote D’Ivoire （April 2004-Present）230

3.1 The Mission230

3.2 Evaluation241

3.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’241

3.2.2 Constitutional Basis245

3.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success246

4.Haiti （April 2004-Present）247

4.1 The Mission247

4.2 Evaluation253

4.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’253

4.2.2 Constitutional Basis255

4.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success256

5.Burundi （June 2004-December 2006）257

5.1 The Mission257

5.2 Evaluation260

5.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’260

5.2.2 Constitutional Basis261

5.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success261

6.Sudan （March 2005-Present）262

6.1 The Mission262

6.2 Evaluation271

6.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’271

6.2.2 Constitutional Basis273

6.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success274

7.Central African Republic and Chad （September 2007-December 2010）275

7.1 Mandate and Functioning275

7.2 Evaluation279

7.2.1 Adherence to the ’Fundamental Principles’279

7.2.2 Constitutional Basis280

7.2.3 Conclusion and Assessment of Success280

7 Conclusions282

1.Introduction282

2.Overview of the Problems282

2.1 Difficulties of Establishment283

2.2 Management Difficulties286

2.3 Problems Relating to the Need for Host State Consent or Cooperation288

2.4 Problems Relating to Expectations289

3.Legal Conclusions291

4.Final Remarks： The Way Forward294

Index297