环境法 第4版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

环境法 第4版PDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

PART Ⅰ AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW1

CHAPTER 1 The American Legal System: The Source of Environmental Law3

Sources of Law3

The Legislative Branch as a Source of Statutory Law3

The Judicial Branch as a Source of Case Law8

The Executive Branch as a Source of Law10

Administrative Agencies as a Source of Law11

Public and Private Law12

Criminal Law and Civil Law12

Case and Statutory Law12

Classifications of Law12

Constitutional Principles Underlying the American Legal System25

Federalism25

Federal Preemption26

The Commerce Clause26

The Fourth Amendment29

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments30

A Constitutional Right to Environmental Protection?35

Concluding Remarks38

Questions for Review and Discussion38

For Further Reading39

On the Internet39

Notes40

Controversial Issues42

Criticisms of the Adversary System43

An Introduction to the Adversary System43

The Adversary System43

CHAPTER 2 The Litigation Process and Other Tools for Resolving Environmental Disputes43

The U.S. Dual Court System44

The Federal Court System44

The State Court System46

Choice of Courts46

Primary Actors in the Legal System50

The Attorney50

The Judge51

The Jurv52

Steps in Civil Litigation53

The Threshold Issues53

Pretrial58

The Trial62

Appellate Procedure65

Alternatives to Civil Litigation66

Arbitration67

Mediation68

Concluding Remarks70

Questions for Review and Discussion71

For Further Reading71

On the Internet72

Notes72

Controversial Issues73

CHAPTER 3 Administrative Law and Its Impact on the Environment75

Creation of Administrative Agencies75

Rule Making76

Functions of Administrative Agencies76

Adjudication81

Administrative Activities84

Limitations on Agency Powers85

Statutory Limitations85

Institutional Limitations86

Important Agencies Affecting the Environment89

Executive versus Independent Agencies89

The Environmental Protection Agency90

Hybrid Agencies90

Interagency Cooperation96

The Department of the Interior and Its Agencies98

The Department of Agriculture and Its Agencies100

The Department of Labor and Its Agencies100

Concluding Remarks101

Questions for Review and Discussion101

For Further Reading101

Notes102

On the Internet102

Controversial Issues104

PART Ⅱ THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS105

CHAPTER 4 An Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy107

The Need for Regulation107

Tragedy of the Commons107

Free Rider Problem108

Pollution as an Externality108

Environmental Ethic109

Tort Law110

Alternative Ways to Control Pollution110

Subsidies, Emissions Charges, and Marketable Emissions Permits112

Green Taxes113

Direct Regulation114

Evolution of Our Environmental Policy114

The Origins of Our Environmental Policy114

The 1970s: The Environmental Decade115

The Early 1990s116

The 1980s116

An Increasing Use of Market Forces117

The Middle to Late 1990s119

The Beginning of the 21st Century121

National Environmental Policy Act122

Council on Environmental Quality122

Environmental Impact Statement(EIS)124

Alternatives to the EIS130

Effectiveness of NEPA132

Pollution Prevention Act of 1990132

Concluding Remarks135

Questions for Review and Discussion135

For Further Reading135

On the Internet136

Notes136

Controversial Issues138

Sulfur Dioxide139

The Major Air Pollutants139

CHAPTER 5 Air-Quality Control139

Nitrogen Oxides140

Carbon Monoxide141

Ozone143

Particulates143

Lead144

Airborne Toxins144

Some Significant Air-Quality Problems144

Acid Deposition144

Depletion of the Ozone Layer146

Human-Induced Climate Change147

Indoor Pollution151

The Initial Approach to Air-Quality Control152

The Current Approach to Air Quality Control155

National Ambient Air Quality Standards156

No Significant Deterioration(NSD)159

New Source Performance Standards160

Mobile Source Performance Standards162

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments164

1990 Air Toxins Program164

Acid Rain Control Program166

Enforcement of the 1990 Act168

Solutions Beyond the Clean Air-Act168

Concluding Remarks169

Questions for Review and Discussion169

On the Internet170

For Further Reading170

Notes171

Controversial Issues174

CHAPTER 6 Water-Quality Control175

The Major Water Pollutants175

Pathogens176

Conventional Organics177

Toxic Trace Organics178

Heavy Metals179

Nutrients179

Ionizing Radiation180

Other Measures180

Some Significant Water-Quality Problems181

Trace Levels of Toxic Organics181

Lead and Copper182

Radon and Other Radionuclides183

Protecting Water Through Government Actions184

Water Rights184

Protecting the Waters of the Nation187

Protecting Drinking Water193

Concluding Remarks197

Questions for Review and Discussion198

For Further Reading198

On the Internet198

Notes199

Controversial Issues200

CHAPTER 7 Controlling Toxic Substances201

Identification of Potentially Toxic Substances201

Scientific Uncertainty202

Risk Assessment203

Federal Regulation of Toxic Substances205

Toxic Substances Control Act207

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act210

Food Quality Protection Act215

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act215

Progress Under the Acts217

International Regulation of Toxic Substances217

Rotterdam Convention218

Toxic Torts219

Theories of Recovery219

Problems in Establishing Causation220

Enterprise Liability222

Punitive Damages223

Questions for Review and Discussion224

Concluding Remarks224

For Further Reading225

On the Internet225

Notes225

Controversial Issues227

CHAPTER 8 Waste Management and Hazardous Releases229

Waste Control Techniques229

The Problem with Waste230

Municipal Solid Waste234

Requirements for Managing Waste234

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984235

Hazardous Waste236

Enforcement of RCRA241

CERCLA: An Overview243

Emergency Response Plans and Right to Know244

Federal Response to Contaminated Sites246

Removal Action247

Remedial Response248

Brownfields252

Underground Storage Tank Program253

Concluding Remarks255

Questions for Review and Discussion255

For Further Reading256

On the Internet257

Notes257

Controversial Issues259

The Crisis Begins261

CHAPTER 9 Energy261

Energy Policy: A Historical Overview261

A Return to Complacency263

A Bright Spot: The Energy Policy Act263

A Voluntary Energy Policy265

What Now?267

Energy Consumption and Production269

Coal: The Oldest Energy Source271

Problems with Coal272

Regulation of the Mining Industry273

Petroleum and Natural Gas275

Onshore Development Problems275

Offshore Development Problems276

Oil Spills277

Nuclear Energy279

History of Nuclear Energy Development279

Problems with Nuclear Energy280

Regulation of the Nuclear Industry282

Hydropower282

Renewable Fuels283

Solar Energy284

Wind Energy286

Biomass Energy286

Geothermal Energy286

For Further Reading287

Questions for Review and Discussion287

Hydrogen Fuel287

Concluding Remarks287

On the Internet288

Notes288

Controversial Issues291

CHAPTER 10 Natural Resources293

Protecting Public Lands293

Forests293

Regulation of Public Lands295

Rangelands295

Wetlands, Estuaries, and Coastal Areas298

Benefits of Wetlands300

Destruction of Wetlands300

Regulations to Preserve Coastal Areas, Estuaries, and Wetlands301

Protection of the Great Lakes306

Wild and Scenic Rivers System307

Endangered Species307

The Global Extinction Crisis312

Questions for Review and Discussion314

Concluding Remarks314

For Further Reading315

On the Internet315

Notes315

Controversial Issues317

CHAPTER 11 International Environmental Law319

The Need for International Environmental Law319

Overpopulation319

Loss of Biological Diversity321

The Global Commons322

Environmental Disasters and Transboundary Pollution323

The Nature of International Law324

Sources of International Environmental Law324

Conventional Law324

Customary Law325

Institutions That Effectuate and Influence International Environmental Law327

United Nations327

World Bank329

Global Environment Facility330

European Union331

Addressing Specific International Environmental Problems332

Transboundary Pollution332

Choice of Forums336

The Global Commons337

Preservation of Biological Diversity344

Rio Summit347

The Future of International Environmental Law347

Environmentalism and Trade349

Concluding Remarks352

Questions for Review and Discussion353

For Further Reading353

On the Internet354

Notes354

Controversial Issues357

Appendix: Abbreviations and Acronyms359

Index362