Chemistry: the central science Ninth Edition2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Introduction：Matter and Measurement1

1.1 The Study of Chemistry2

The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry2

Why Study Chemistry？3

1.2 Classifications of Matter5

States of Matter5

Pure Substances6

Elements6

Compounds7

Mixtures8

1.3 Properties of Matter9

Physical and Chemical Changes10

Separation of Mixtures11

1.4 Units of Measurement13

SI Units14

Length and Mass14

Temperature15

Derived SI Units16

Volume16

Density17

1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement20

Precision and Accuracy21

Significant Figures21

Significant Figures in Calculations22

1.6 Dimensional Analysis24

Using Two or More Conversion Factors26

Conversions Involving Volume26

Summary and Key Terms28

Exercises29

eMedia Exercises33

Chemistry at Work Chemistry and the Chemical Industry4

A Closer Look The Scientific Method13

Chemistry at Work Chemistry in the News18

Strategies in Chemistry Estimating Answers25

Strategies in Chemistry The Importance of Practice28

2 Atoms，Molecules，and Ions34

2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter36

2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure37

Cathode Rays and Electrons37

Radioactivity38

The Nuclear Atom39

2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure41

Isotopes，Atomic Numbers，and Mass Numbers43

2.4 Atomic Weights44

The Atomic Mass Scale44

Average Atomic Masses44

2.5 The Periodic Table46

2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds49

Molecules and Chemical Formulas49

Molecular and Empirical Formulas50

Picturing Molecules51

2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds52

Predicting Ionic Charges53

Ionic Compounds54

2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds56

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds57

Names and Formulas of Acids61

Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds62

2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds62

Alkanes63

Some Derivatives of Alkanes63

Summary and Key Terms65

Exercises66

eMedia Exercises73

A Closer Look Basic Forces42

A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer45

A Closer Look Glenn Seaborg and the Story of Seaborgium49

Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Organisms55

Strategies in Chemistry Pattern Recognition56

3 Stoichiometry：Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations74

3.1 Chemical Equations76

3.2 Some Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity80

Combination and Decomposition Reactions80

Combustion in Air82

3.3 Formula Weights83

Formula and Molecular Weights84

Percentage Composition from Formulas84

3.4 The Mole86

Molar Mass87

Interconverting Masses，Moles，and Numbers of Particles89

3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses91

Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula93

Combustion Analysis94

3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations95

3.7 Limiting Reactants99

Theoretical Yields102

Summary and Key Terms103

Exercises104

eMedia Exercises111

Strategies in Chemistry Problem Solving85

Chemistry at Work CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect98

4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry112

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions114

Electrolytic Properties114

Ionic Compounds in Water115

Molecular Compounds in Water115

Strong and Weak Electrolytes116

4.2 Precipitation Reactions117

Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds118

Exchange（Metathesis） Reactions119

Ionic Equations120

4.3 Acid-Base Reactions121

Acids121

Bases122

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases122

Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes123

Neutralization Reactions and Salts124

Acid-Base Reactions with Gas Formation126

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions128

Oxidation and Reduction128

Oxidation Numbers128

Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts130

The Activity Series131

4.5 Concentrations of Solutions134

Molarity134

Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte135

Interconverting Molarity，Moles，and Volume136

Dilution137

4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis139

Titrations140

Summary and Key Terms144

Exercises145

eMedia Exercises151

Chemistry at Work Antacids127

A Closer Look The Aura of Gold133

Strategies in Chemistry Analyzing Chemical Reactions134

5 Thermochemistry152

5.1 The Nature of Energy154

Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy154

Units of Energy155

System and Surroundings155

Transferring Energy：Work and Heat156

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics158

Internal Energy158

Relating △E to Heat and Work159

Endothermic and Exothermic Processes160

State Functions161

5.3 Enthalpy163

5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction166

5.5 Calorimetry169

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat169

Constant-Pressure Calorimetry170

Bomb Calorimetry（Constant-Volume Calorimetry）171

5.6 Hess’s Law174

5.7 Enthalpies of Formation176

Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction178

5.8 Foods and Fuels180

Foods181

Fuels183

Other Energy Sources184

Summary and Key Terms187

Exercises188

eMedia Exercises196

A Closer Look Energy，Enthalpy，and P-V Work164

Strategies in Chemistry Using Enthalpy as a Guide168

Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Human Body Temperature173

Chemistry at Work The Hybrid Car185

6 Electronic Structure of Atoms198

6.1 The Wave Nature of Light200

6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons202

Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy202

The Photoelectric Effect and Photons203

6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model205

Line Spectra206

Bohr’s Model207

The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom208

Limitations of the Bohr Model209

6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter210

The Uncertainty Principle211

6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals212

Orbitals and Quantum Numbers213

6.6 Representations of Orbitals215

The s Orbitals215

The p Orbitals216

The d and f Orbitals217

6.7 Many-Electron Atoms218

Orbitals and Their Energies218

Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle218

6.8 Electron Configurations220

Hund’s Rule221

Condensed Electron Configurations223

Transition Metals223

The Lanthanides and Actinides224

6.9 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table225

Anomalous Electron Configurations228

Summary and Key Terms229

Exercises230

eMedia Exercises235

A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle212

A Closer Look Experimental Evidence for Electron Spin219

Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging220

7 Periodic Properties of the Elements236

7.1 Development of the Periodic Table238

7.2 Effective Nuclear Charge239

7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions241

Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii243

Trends in the Sizes of Ions243

7.4 Ionization Energy246

Variations in Successive Ionization Energies246

Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies247

Electron Configurations of Ions249

7.5 Electron Affinities250

7.6 Metals，Nonmetals，and Metalloids252

Metals253

Nonmetals255

Metalloids256

7.7 Group Trends for the Active Metals256

Group 1A：The Alkali Metals256

Group 2A：The Alkaline Earth Metals260

7.8 Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals261

Hydrogen261

Group 6A：The Oxygen Group261

Group 7A：The Halogens262

Group 8A：The Noble Gases263

Summary and Key Terms265

Exercises266

eMedia Exercises272

Chemistry and Life Ionic Size Makes a BIG Difference！245

Chemistry and Life The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs259

8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding274

8.1 Chemical Bonds，Lewis Symbols，and the Octet Rule276

Lewis Symbols276

The Octet Rule276

8.2 Ionic Bonding277

Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation278

Electron Configurations of Ions of the Representative Elements280

Transition-Metal Ions281

Polyatomic Ions282

8.3 Covalent Bonding282

Lewis Structures283

Multiple Bonds284

8.4 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity285

Electronegativity285

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity286

Dipole Moments287

Bond Types and Nomenclature290

8.5 Drawing Lewis Structures290

Formal Charge292

8.6 Resonance Structures295

Resonance in Benzene297

8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule298

Odd Number of Electrons298

Less than an Octet298

More than an Octet299

8.8 Strengths of Covalent Bonds300

Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions302

Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length305

Summary and Key Terms306

Exercises307

eMedia Exercises313

A Closer Look Calculation of Lattice Energies：The Born-Haber Cycle280

A Closer Look Oxidation Numbers，Formal Charges，and Actual Partial Charges294

Chemistry at Work Explosives and Alfred Nobel304

9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories314

9.1 Molecular Shapes316

9.2 The VSEPR Model318

The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles323

Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells323

Shapes of Larger Molecules326

9.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity328

9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap330

9.5 Hybrid Orbitals331

sp Hybrid Orbitals332

sp2 and spa Hybrid Orbitals333

Hybridization Involving d Orbitals334

Summary336

9.6 Multiple Bonds338

Delocalized π Bonding340

General Conclusions343

9.7 Molecular Orbitals343

The Hydrogen Molecule343

Bond Order345

9.8 Second-Row Diatomic Molecules346

Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2346

Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals347

Electron Configurations for B2 Through Ne2348

Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties350

Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules352

Summary and Key Terms355

Exercises356

eMedia Exercises363

Chemistry and Life The Chemistry of Vision342

Chemistry at Work Organic Dyes353

10 Gases364

10.1 Characteristics of Gases366

10.2 Pressure367

Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer367

10.3 The Gas Laws370

The Pressure-Volume Relationship：Boyle’s Law371

The Temperature-Volume Relationship：Charles’s Law372

The Quantity-Volume Relationship：Avogadro’s Law373

10.4 The Ideal-Gas Equation375

Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws377

10.5 Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation379

Gas Densities and Molar Mass379

Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions381

10.6 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures383

Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions384

Collecting Gases over Water385

10.7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory386

Application to the Gas Laws388

10.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion389

Graham’s Law of Effusion390

Diffusion and Mean Free Path392

10.9 Real Gases：Deviations from Ideal Behavior393

The van der Waals Equation394

Summary and Key Terms 397 Exercises398

eMedia Exercises405

Chemistry and Life Blood Pressure370

Strategies in Chemistry Calculations Involving Many Variables377

Chemistry at Work Gas Pipelines382

A Closer Look The Ideal-Gas Equation389

Chemistry at Work Gas Separations392

11 Intermolecular Forces，Liquids，and Solids406

11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids408

11.2 Intermolecular Forces409

Ion-Dipole Forces410

Dipole-Dipole Forces410

London Dispersion Forces411

Hydrogen Bonding413

Comparing Intermolecular Forces416

11.3 Some Properties of Liquids418

Viscosity418

Surface Tension418

11.4 Phase Changes419

Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes420

Heating Curves421

Critical Temperature and Pressure423

11.5 Vapor Pressure425

Explaining Vapor Pressure on the Molecular Level425

Volatility，Vapor Pressure，and Temperature426

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point426

11.6 Phase Diagrams427

The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2429

11.7 Structures of Solids430

Unit Cells430

The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride432

Close Packing of Spheres434

11.8 Bonding in Solids435

Molecular Solids437

Covalent-Network Solids437

Ionic Solids438

Metallic Solids440

Summary and Key Terms441

Exercises442

eMedia Exercises449

A Closer Look Trends in Hydrogen Bonding416

Chemistry at Work Supercritical Fluid Extraction424

A Closer Look The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation427

A Closer Look X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals436

A Closer Look Buckyball439

12 Modern Materials450

12.1 Liquid Crystals452

Types of Liquid Crystalline Phases452

12.2 Polymers456

Addition Polymerization456

Condensation Polymerization457

Types of Polymers458

Structures and Physical Properties of Polymers459

Cross-linking Polymers460

12.3 Biomaterials463

Characteristics of Biomaterials464

Polymeric Biomaterials464

Examples of Biomaterial Applications465

12.4 Ceramics467

Processing of Ceramics468

Ceramic Composites469

Applications of Ceramics470

12.5 Superconductivity470

Superconducting Ceramic Oxides471

New Superconductors472

12.6 Thin Films473

Uses of Thin Films474

Formation of Thin Films474

Summary and Key Terms476

Exercises477

eMedia Exercises483

Chemistry at Work Liquid Crystal Displays455

Chemistry at Work Recycling Plastics458

Chemistry at Work Toward the Plastic Car462

Chemistry at Work Cell Phone Tower Range473

Chemistry at Work Diamond Coatings476

13 Properties of Solutions484

13.1 The Solution Process486

Energy Changes and Solution Formation487

Solution Formation，Spontaneity，and Disorder489

Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions490

13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility491

13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility492

Solute-Solvent Interactions492

Pressure Effects495

Temperature Effects497

13.4 Ways of Expressing Concentration497

Mass Percentage，ppm，and ppb498

Mole Fraction，Molarity，and Molality499

Conversion of Concentration Units500

13.5 Colligative Properties502

Lowering the Vapor Pressure502

Boiling-Point Elevation504

Freezing-Point Depression506

Osmosis507

Determination of Molar Mass509

13.6 Colloids511

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids513

Removal of Colloidal Particles514

Summary and Key Terms517

Exercises518

eMedia Exercises523

A Closer Look Hydrates490

Chemistry and Life Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins494

Chemistry and Life Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving496

A Closer Look Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components503

A Closer Look Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions511

Chemistry and Life Sickle-Cell Anemia515

14 Chemical Kinetics524

14.1 Factors that Affect Reaction Rates526

14.2 Reaction Rates527

Change of Rate with Time528

Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry530

14.3 Concentration and Rate532

Exponents in the Rate Law533

Units of Rate Constants535

Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws535

14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time537

First-Order Reactions537

Second-Order Reactions539

Half-Life541

14.5 Temperature and Rate543

The Collision Model543

The Orientation Factor544

Activation Energy544

The Arrhenius Equation546

Determining the Activation Energy547

14.6 Reaction Mechanisms549

Elementary Steps549

Multistep Mechanisms549

Rate Laws for Elementary Steps551

Rate Laws for Multistep Mechanisms552

Mechanisms with an Initial Fast Step553

14.7 Catalysis555

Homogeneous Catalysis556

Heterogeneous Catalysis557

Enzymes559

Summary and Key Terms563

Exercises564

eMedia Exercises573

A Closer Look Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates532

Chemistry at Work Methyl Bromide in the Atmosphere542

Chemistry at Work Catalytic Converters559

Chemistry and Life Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase561

15 Chemical Equilibrium574

15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium577

15.2 The Equilibrium Constant578

The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants582

The Direction of the Chemical Equation and Keq583

Other Ways to Manipulate Chemical Equations and Keq Values584

Units of Equilibrium Constants586

15.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria586

15.4 Calculating Equilibrium Constants588

15.5 Applications of Equilibrium Constants590

Predicting the Direction of Reaction591

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations592

15.6 Le Chatelier’s Principle594

Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations594

Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes596

Effect of Temperature Changes598

The Effect of Catalysts601

Summary and Key Terms604

Exercises604

eMedia Exercises611

Chemistry at Work The Haber Process579

Chemistry at Work Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions603

16 Acid-Base Equilibria612

16.1 Acids and Bases：A Brief Review614

16.2 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases614

The H＋ Ion in Water614

Proton-Transfer Reactions615

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs616

Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases618

16.3 The Autoionization of Water620

The Ion Product of Water620

16.4 The pH Scale621

Other “p” Scales624

Measuring pH624

16.5 Strong Acids and Bases625

Strong Acids625

Strong Bases626

16.6 Weak Acids627

Calculating Ka from pH629

Using Ka to Calculate pH630

Polyprotic Acids634

16.7 Weak Bases636

Types of Weak Bases637

16.8 Relationship Between Ka and Kb639

16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions641

An Anion’s Ability to React with Water641

A Cation’s Ability to React with Water642

Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution642

16.10 Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure644

Factors that Affect Acid Strength644

Binary Acids645

Oxyacids645

Carboxylic Acids647

16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases648

Hydrolysis of Metal Ions650

Summary and Key Terms652

Exercises653

eMedia Exercises659

Chemistry at Work Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides640

Chemistry and Life The Amphoteric Behavior of Amino Acids649

17 Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria660

17.1 The Common-Ion Effect662

17.2 Buffered Solutions664

Composition and Action of Buffered Solutions664

Buffer Capacityand pH666

Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers668

17.3 Acid-Base Titrations671

Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations671

Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations673

Titrations of Polyprotic Acids677

17.4 Solubility Equilibria678

The Solubility-Product Constant，Ksp678

Solubility and Ksp679

17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility681

Common-Ion Effect681

Solubility and pH683

Formation of Complex Ions686

Amphoterism689

17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions690

Selective Precipitation of Ions691

17.7 Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements692

Summary and Key Terms696

Exercises697

eMedia Exercises701

Chemistry and Life Blood as a Buffered Solution669

A Closer Look Limitations of Solubility Products682

Chemistry and Life Sinkholes684

Chemistry and Life Tooth Decay and Fluoridation688

18 Chemistry of the Environment702

18.1 Earth’s Atmosphere704

Composition of the Atmosphere705

18.2 Outer Regions of the Atmosphere706

Photodissociation706

Photoionization707

18.3 Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere708

Depletion of the Ozone Layer710

18.4 Chemistry of the Troposphere711

Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain712

Carbon Monoxide713

Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog715

Water Vapor，Carbon Dioxide，and Climate716

18.5 The World Ocean718

Seawater718

Desalination719

18.6 Freshwater720

Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality721

Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies722

18.7 Green Chemistry723

Solvents and Reagents724

Other Processes725

Water Purification726

Summary and Key Terms728

Exercises729

eMedia Exercises733

A Closer Look Methane as a Greenhouse Gas717

A Closer Look Water Softening723

19 Chemical Thermodynamics734

19.1 Spontaneous Processes736

Reversible and Irreversible Processes737

19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics740

The Spontaneous Expansion of a Gas740

Entropy742

Relating Entropy to Heat Transfer and Temperature744

The Second Law of Thermodynamics745

19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy748

19.4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions753

Entropy Changes in the Surroundings754

19.5 Gibbs Free Energy755

Standard Free-Energy Changes756

19.6 Free Energy and Temperature759

19.7 Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant761

Summary and Key Terms767

Exercises768

eMedia Exercises775

A Closer Look Reversibility and Work738

A Closer Look The Entropy Change of Expansion745

Chemistry and Life Entropy and Life747

A Closer Look Entropy，Disorder，and Ludwig Boltzmann750

A Closer Look What’s “Free” About Free Energy？757

Chemistry and Life Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions765

20 Electrochemistry776

20.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions778

20.2 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations779

Half-Reactions780

Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions780

Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution783

20.3 Voltaic Cells784

A Molecular View of Electrode Processes787

20.4 Cell EMF788

Standard Reduction（Half-Cell） Potentials789

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents794

20.5 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions796

EMF and Free-Energy Change797

20.6 Effect of Concentration on Cell EMF798

The Nernst Equation799

Concentration Cells801

Cell EMF and Chemical Equilibrium803

20.7 Batteries805

Lead-Acid Battery806

Alkaline Battery807

Nickel-Cadmium，Nickel-Metal-Hydride，and Lithium-Ion Batteries807

Fuel Cells808

20.8 Corrosion809

Corrosion of Iron809

Preventing the Corrosion of Iron810

20.9 Electrolysis812

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions813

Electrolysis with Active Electrodes815

Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis816

Electrical Work817

Summary and Key Terms820

Exercises821

eMedia Exercises829

Chemistry and Life Heartbeats and Electrocardiography804

21 Nuclear Chemistry830

21.1 Radioactivity832

Nuclear Equations832

Types of Radioactive Decay833

21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability835

Neutron-to-Proton Ratio835

Radioactive Series837

Further Observations837

21.3 Nuclear Transmutations838

Using Charged Particles839

Using Neutrons839

Transuranium Elements839

21.4 Rates of Radioactive Decay840

Dating841

Calculations Based on Half-life842

21.5 Detection of Radioactivity844

Radiotracers845

21.6 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions846

Nuclear Binding Energies847

21.7 Nuclear Fission850

Nuclear Reactors851

21.8 Nuclear Fusion854

21.9 Biological Effects of Radiation855

Radiation Doses856

Radon856

Summary and Key Terms859

Exercises860

eMedia Exercises865

Chemistry and Life Medical Applications of Radiotracers848

A Closer Look The Dawning of the Nuclear Age852

Chemistry and Life Radiation Therapy857

22 Chemistry of the Nonmetals866

22.1 General Concepts：Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions868

Chemical Reactions869

22.2 Hydrogen871

Isotopes of Hydrogen871

Properties of Hydrogen872

Preparation of Hydrogen872

Uses of Hydrogen873

Binary Hydrogen Compounds873

22.3 Group 8A：The Noble Gases875

Noble-Gas Compounds875

22.4 Group 7A：The Halogens876

Properties and Preparation of the Halogens877

Uses of the Halogens878

The Hydrogen Halides879

Interhalogen Compounds880

Oxyacids and Oxyanions880

22.5 Oxygen881

Properties of Oxygen881

Preparation of Oxygen882

Uses of Oxygen882

Ozone882

Oxides884

Peroxides and Superoxides885

22.6 The Other Group 6A Elements：S，Se，Te，and Po886

General Characteristics of the Group 6A Elements886

Occurrences and Preparation of S，Se，and Te887

Properties and Uses of Sulfur，Selenium，and Tellurium887

Sulfides888

Oxides，Oxyacids，and Oxyanions of Sulfur889

22.7 Nitrogen890

Properties of Nitrogen890

Preparation and Uses of Nitrogen891

Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen892

Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen893

22.8 The Other Group 5A Elements：P，As，Sb，and Bi895

General Characteristics of the Group 5A Elements895

Occurrence，Isolation，and Properties of Phosphorus896

Phosphorus Halides896

Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus897

22.9 Carbon900

Elemental Forms of Carbon900

Oxides of Carbon901

Carbonic Acid and Carbonates903

Carbides904

Other Inorganic Compounds of Carbon905

22.10 The Other Group 4A Elements：Si，Ge，Sn，and Pb905

General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements905

Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon906

Silicates906

Glass908

Silicones909

22.11 Boron909

Summary and Key Terms911

Exercises913

eMedia Exercises917

Chemistry and Life Nitrites in Food894

Chemistry and Life Arsenic in Drinking Water900

Chemistry at Work Carbon Fibers and Composites902

23 Metals and Metallurgy918

23.1 Occurrence and Distribution of Metals920

Minerals920

Metallurgy921

23.2 Pyrometallurgy922

The Pyrometallurgy of Iron923

Formation of Steel924

23.3 Hydrometallurgy925

The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum925

23.4 Electrometallurgy926

Electrometallurgy of Sodium926

Electrometallurgy of Aluminum927

Electrorefining of Copper928

23.5 Metallic Bonding930

Physical Properties of Metals930

Electron-Sea Model for Metallic Bonding930

Molecular-Orbital Model for Metals931

23.6 Alloys933

Intermetallic Compounds935

23.7 Transition Metals936

Physical Properties936

Electron Configurations and Oxidation States937

Magnetism939

23.8 Chemistry of Selected Transition Metals940

Chromium940

Iron940

Copper941

Summary and Key Terms943

Exercises944

eMedia Exercises947

A Closer Look Charles M.Hall928

A Closer Look Insulators and Semiconductors932

A Closer Look Shape Memory Alloys935

24 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds948

24.1 Metal Complexes950

The Development of Coordination Chemistry：Werner’s Theory950

The Metal-Ligand Bond952

Charges，Coordination Numbers，and Geometries952

24.2 Ligands with More than One Donor Atom954

Metals and Chelates in Living Systems956

24.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Chemistry960

24.4 Isomerism961

Structural Isomerism962

Stereoisomerism962

24.5 Color and Magnetism966

Color966

Magnetism968

24.6 Crystal-Field Theory968

Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes971

Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes972

Summary and Key Terms975

Exercises976

eMedia Exercises981

A Closer Look Entropy and the Chelate Effect956

Chemistry and Life The Battle for Iron in Living Systems959

A Closer Look Charge-Transfer Color974

25 The Chemistry of Life：Organic and Biological Chemistry982

25.1 Some General Characteristics of Organic Molecules984

The Structures of Organic Molecules984

The Stabilities of Organic Substances984

Solubility and Acid-Base Properties of Organic Substances985

25.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons986

25.3 Alkanes987

Structures of Alkanes988

Structural Isomers988

Nomenclature of Alkanes989

Cycloalkanes992

Reactions of Alkanes994

25.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons994

Alkenes994

Alkynes996

Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes997

Mechanism of Addition Reactions998

Aromatic Hydrocarbons1000

25.5 Functional Groups：Alcohols and Ethers1001

Alcohols（R—OH）1003

Ethers（R—O—R′）1004

25.6 Compounds with a Carbonyl Group1004

Aldehydes（R—O==C—H） and Ketones（R—O==C—R′）1005

Carboxylic Acids（R—O==C—OH）1005

Esters（R—O==C—O—R′）1007

Amines and Amides1009

25.7 Chirality in Organic Chemistry1009

25.8 Introduction to Biochemistry1011

25.9 Proteins1012

Amino Acids1012

Polypeptides and Proteins1013

Protein Structure1015

25.10 Carbohydrates1017

Disaccharides1018

Polysaccharides1019

25.11 Nucleic Acids1020

Summary and Key Terms1025

Exercises1026

eMedia Exercises1033

Chemistry at Work Gasoline992

Chemistry at Work The Accidental Discovery of TeflonTM998

A Closer Look Aromatic Stabilization1001

Chemistry and Life The Origins of Chirality in Living Systems1016

Strategies in Chemistry What Now？1025

Appendices1034

A Mathematical Operations1034

B Properties of Water1040

C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K（25℃）1041

D Aqueous-Equilibrium Constants1044

E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25℃1046

Answers to Selected Exercises1047

Glossary1079

Photo/Art Credits1091

Index1093