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Part Ⅰ Internetworking Fundamentals 　1

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Internetworking 　3

The OSI Reference Model 　4

The Seven Layers 　5

ContentsIntroduction15

Misperceptions About the OSI Reference Model15

Logical Adj acency 　17

The Mechanics of Logical Adj acency 　18

Receiving the Bit Stream 　23

The Need to Route 　29

Routers 　30

Summary 　34

The Internet’s Address Architecture 　35

Chapter 2 Understanding Internetwork Addresses 　35

Advertising Network Addresses 　37

IP Addressing 　40

Binary Versus Decimal Numbers 　41

IPv4 Address Formats 　43

The Emergence of Subnetworks 　51

Subnetting 　52

VLSM 　58

Classless Interdomain Routing 　61

Classless Addressing 　62

Enhanced Route Aggregation 　62

Supernetting 　63

How CIDR Works 　64

Summary 　65

LAN Domains 　67

Chapter 3 Routers and LANs 　67

The Media Access Domain 　68

The MAC Broadcast Domain 　73

LAN Segmentation 　77

Segmenting with Bridges 　78

Segmenting with Switches 　85

Segmenting with Routers 　89

The Differences Between Bridges，Switches，and Routers 　92

LAN Backbones　93

Collapsed Backbones 　94

Parallel Backbones　96

WAN Gateway 　97

IP Network Domains 　98

Summary 　101

A Closer Look at Routers 　103

Chapter 4 Routers and WANs 　103

Physical Components 　104

Router Functions 　106

Roles of the Router in WANs 　113

Internetworking Scenarios　117

WAN Performance Criteria 　121

Component Uptime 　122

Traffic Volumes 　123

Delay　124

Resource Utilization Rates 　125

Costs of the WAN 　128

Summary 　130

Part Ⅱ The Inner Workings of Routers 　131

Chapter 5 Internet Protocols Versions 　133

The Network Layer 　134

The Transport Layer 　135

Internet Protocol，Version 4（IPv4）　136

Dissecting TCP/IP 　138

Internet Protocol，Version 6（IPv6）　151

IPv6 Unicast Address Structures 　153

IPv6 Transitional Unicast Address Structures156

IPv6 Anycast Address Structures 　157

IPv6 Multicast Address Structures 　158

Summary 　158

Chapter 6 Transmission Technologies 　159

LAN Technologies 　159

Ethernet 　160

Token Ring 　166

FDDI 　167

ATM 　173

WAN Technologies 　174

Leased Lines 　175

Circuit-Switched Facilities 　175

Packet-Switched Facilities 　178

Cell-Switched Facilities 　183

Carrier System Standards 　185

ANSI’s Digital Signal Hierarchy 　185

ITU’s Digital Signal Hierarchy 　187

SONET’s Carrier Systems　189

The T-Carrier System 　191

Summary 　193

Chapter 7 The Mechanics of Routing Protocols 　195

Routing　195

Static Routing 　197

Distance-Vector Routing 　202

Link-State Routing 　206

Hybridized Routing 　209

Performance Characteristics of Hybridized Routing 　210

Convergence211

Accommodating Topological Changes212

Convergence Time219

Route Calculation221

Storing Multiple Routes222

Initiating Updates223

Routing Metrics224

Summary225

Part Ⅲ Routing Protocols227

Chapter 8 Routing Information Protocol 　229

The Origins of RIP 　230

Xerox’s RIP　231

routed 　232

RFC 1058 　233

RFC 1058 Specifications 　234

RIP Packet Format 　234

The RIP Routing Table 　239

Operational Mechanics 　242

Calculating Distance Vectors 　245

Updating the Routing Table 　250

Addressing Considerations 　255

Topology Changes 　259

Convergence 　259

Counting to Infinity 　263

Hop Count Limit 　272

Limitations of RIP 　272

Fixed Metrics 　273

Network Intensity of Table Updates 　273

Slow Convergence 　273

Lack of Load Balancing　274

Summary 　275

Chapter 9 Routing Information Protocol Version 2　277

The Need to Update RIP 　277

RIP-2：RFC 1723 　279

RFC 1 723 Specifications　280

RIP-2 Message Format 　280

Using RIP-2 Messages 　284

RIP-2's New Features　286

Authentication 　287

Subnet Masks 　291

Next Hop Identification　291

Multicasting 　295

Limitations of RIP-2　296

Summary 　298

Chapter 10 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 　299

The Origins of IGRP 　299

Needed Capabilities 　301

Cisco’s Solution 　302

An Overview of IGRP 　302

Metrics 　304

Using the Metrics 　310

IGRP’s Mechanisms 　314

Timing Mechanisms 　314

Convergence Mechanisms　316

Operational Mechanics 　320

Topological Changes 　324

Multipath Routing 　327

Equal-Cost Load Balancing　327

Unequal-Cost Load Balancing 　331

Summary 　337

Chapter 11 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol339

EIGRP Background　340

Backward Compatibility with IGRP 　341

EIGRP’s Improvements 　343

New Features Found in EIGRP 　344

Neighbor Discovery and Recovery 　345

Reliable Transport Protocol 　346

The Distributed Update Algorithm 　347

Protocol-Specific Modules 　348

EIGRP Data Structures 　349

EIGRP Tables 　349

EIGRP Packet Types　355

Convergence Using EIGRP 　360

Summary 　364

Chapter 12 Open Shortest Path First 　367

The Origins of OSPF 　368

RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 　369

OSPF Areas 　370

Routing Updates 　376

OSPF Data Structures 　379

The Hello Packet 　382

The Database Description Packet 　383

The Link-State Request Packet 　384

The Link-State Update Packet 　385

The Link-State Acknowledgment Packet 　391

Calculating Routes 　392

Using Autocalculation 　392

Using Default Route Costs 　393

The Shortest-Path Tree 　396

Summary 　400

Part Ⅳ Implementation Issues 　401

Chapter 13 Building Internetworks 　403

A Blueprint for Success 　403

Scale 　404

Distances　404

Traffic Volumes　405

Performance Delays 　407

Costs ofthe WAN 　408

Topologies for Simple Internetworks 　410

Peer-to-Peer Topology 　410

Ring Topology 　412

Star Network Topology　414

Partial Mesh Topology 　417

Topologies for Large Internetworks 　419

Full Mesh 　419

Two-Tiered Topology　421

Three-Tiered Topology　423

Hybrid Topologies 　424

Before　You Build the WAN 　425

Determining Backbone Loads 　426

Placing Gateways 　428

Selecting Transmission Technologies 　429

Selecting Routing Protocols 　430

After You Build the WAN 　431

Component Uptime 　432

Traffic Volumes 　433

Resource Utilization　434

Summary 　437

Chapter 14 Internetworking with Dissimilar Protocols 　439

Dissimilar Architectures 　440

Dissimilar Routed Protocols　441

Redundant Routed Protocols 　441

Gateways 　444

Tunnels 　445

Dissimilar Routing Protocols　447

Integrated Routing Protocols　448

Redundant Routing Protocols 　450

Redistributing Routing Information　452

The Mechanics of Route Redistribution 　457

Summary 　461

Chapter 15 The Future of Routing463

Computer-Based Routers464

Today’s Products466

The New Uses of Computer-Based Routing466

Multilayer Switches468

Benefits and Uses of Multilayer Switches469

Next-Generation Routing471

The Effects of IPv6472

IPSec473

Isochronous Services479

Summary483

Index485