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Chapter 1.INTRODUCTION: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT1

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time2

1.2 Density and Atomic Mass5

1.3 Dimensional Analysis6

1.4 Conversion of Units7

1.5 Order of Magnitude Calculations8

1.6 Significant Figures9

1.7 Mathematical Notation9

1.8 Summary10

Chapter 2.VECTORS13

2.1 Coordinate Systems and Frames of Reference13

2.2 Vectors and Scalars14

2.3 Some Properties of Vectors15

2.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors17

2.5 Force21

2.6 Summary22

Chapter 3.MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION26

3.1 Average Velocity26

3.2 Instantaneous Velocity27

3.3 Acceleration30

3.4 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration32

3.5 Freely Falling Bodies35

3.6 Summary38

Chapter 4.MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS44

4.1 The Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors44

4.2 Motion in Two Dimensions with Constant Acceleration46

4.3 Projectile Motion48

4.4 Uniform Circular Motion54

4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration in Curvilinear Motion55

4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration57

4.7 Summary60

Chapter 5.THE LAWS OF MOTION66

5.1 Introduction to Classical Mechanics66

5.2 The Concept of Force66

5.3 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames68

5.4 Inertial Mass70

5.5 Newton’s Second Law71

5.6 Weight72

5.7 Newton’s Third Law73

5.8 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws74

5.9 Forces of Friction81

5.10 Summary84

Chapter 6.FORCES IN NATURE AND MORE APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS93

6.1 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitv93

6.2 Measurement of the Gravitational Constant94

6.3 Inertial and Gravitational Mass95

6.4 Weight and Gravitational Force97

6.5 Electrostatic Forces98

6.6 Nuclear Forces99

6.7 Newton’s Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion100

6.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion102

6.9 Motion in Accelerated or Noninertial Frames103

6.10 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces105

6.11 Summary109

Chapter 7.WORK AND ENERGY114

7.1 Introduction114

7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force115

7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors116

7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force—One-Dimensional Case118

7.5 Work and Kinetic Energy123

7.6 Power127

7.7 Energy and the Automobile129

7.8 Summary132

Chapter 8.POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY137

8.1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces137

8.2 Potential Energy139

8.3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy140

8.4 Gravitational Potential Energy Near the Earth’s Surface141

8.5 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem144

8.6 Potential Energy Stored in a Spring145

8.7 Relation Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy148

8.8 Energy Diagrams and Stability of Equilibrium149

8.9 Mass-Energy150

8.10 Conservation of Energy in General153

8.11 Energy From the Tides154

8.12 Summary156

Chapter 9.LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS163

9.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse163

9.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum for a Two-Particle System167

9.3 Collisions169

9.4 Collisions in One Dimension170

9.5 Two-Dimensional Collisions173

9.6 The Center of Mass175

9.7 Motion of a System of Particles178

9.8 Rocket Propulsion180

9.9 Summary182

Chapter 10 ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY ABOUT A FIXED AXIS189

10.1 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration189

10.2 Rotational Kinematics： Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration191

10.3 Relationships Between Angular and Linear Quantities192

10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy194

10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia for Rigid Bodies196

10.6 Torque199

10.7 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration200

10.8 Work and Energy in Rotational Motion202

10.9 Summary205

Chapter 11.ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND TORQUE AS VECTOR QUANTITIES211

11.1 The Vector Product and Torque211

11.2 Angular Momentum of a Particle214

11.3 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles216

11.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum219

11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops222

11.6 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Body225

11.7 Angular Momentum as a Fundamental Quantity227

11.8 Summarv229

Chapter 12.STATIC EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY236

12.1 The Conditions of Equilibrium of a Rigid Body236

12.2 The Center of Gravity240

12.3 Examples of Rigid Bodies in Static Equilibrium241

12.4 Summary244

Chapter 13.OSCILLATORY MOTION250

13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion250

13.2 Mass Attached to a Spring254

13.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator259

13.4 The Pendulum261

13.5 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion With Uniform Circular Motion264

13.6 Damped Oscillations266

13.7 Forced Oscillations267

13.8 Summary269

Chapter 14.THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION276

14.1 Kepler’s Laws276

14.2 The Law of Universal Gravitation and the Motion of Planets277

14.3 The Gravitational Field281

14.4 Gravitational Potential Energy282

14.5 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion284

14.6 The Gravitational Force Between an Extended Body and a Particle287

14.7 Gravitational Force Between a Particle and a Spherical Mass288

14.8 Derivation of the Gravitational Effect of a Spherical Mass Distribution290

14.9 Summary292

Chapter 15.MECHANICS OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS297

15.1 States of Matter297

15.2 Elastic Properties of Solids298

15.3 Density and Pressure302

15.4 Variations of Pressure with Depth303

15.5 Pressure Measurements305

15.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle305

15.7 Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli’s Equation307

15.8 Other Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation311

15.9 Energy from the Wind311

15.10 Summary313

Chapter 16.TEMPERATURE, THERMAL EXPANSION AND IDEAL GASES319

16.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics319

16.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales320

16.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Kelvin Scale321

16.4 The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Rankine Temperature Scales323

16.5 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids326

16.6 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas329

16.7 Summary331

Chapter 17.HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS335

17.1 Heat and Thermal Energy336

17.2 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat336

17.3 Latent Heat339

17.4 Heat Transfer341

17.5 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat345

17.6 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes345

17.7 The First Law of Thermodynamics347

17.8 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics350

17.9 Summary352

Chapter 18.THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES359

18.1 Molecular Model for the Pressure of an Ideal Gas359

18.2 Molecular Interpretation of Temperature361

18.3 Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas363

18.4 Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas366

18.5 The Equipartition of Energy367

18.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds370

18.7 Mean Free Path372

18.8 Van der Waals’ Equation of State374

18.9 Summary376

Chapter 19.HEAT ENGINES, ENTROPY, AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS380

19.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics381

19.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes382

19.3 The Carnot Engine384

19.4 The Absolute Temperature Scale387

19.5 The Gasoline Engine387

19.6 Degradation of Energy389

19.7 Entropy390

19.8 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes393

19.9 Energy Conversion and Thermal Pollution395

19.10 Summary397

Chapter 20.ELECTRIC FIELDS402

20.1 Introduction402

20.2 Properties of Electric Charges403

20.3 Insulators and Conductors404

20.4 Coulomb’s Law406

20.5 The Electric Field409

20.6 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution412

20.7 Electric Field Lines415

20.8 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field417

20.9 The Oscilloscope419

20.10 Summary420

Chapter 21.GAUSS’ LAW428

21.1 Electric Flux428

21.2 Gauss’ Law431

21.3 Application of Gauss’ Law to Charged Insulators433

21.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium436

21.5 Experimental Proof of Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law438

21.6 Derivation of Gauss’ Law439

21.7 Summary440

Chapter 22.ELECTRIC POTENTIAL444

22.1 Potential.Difference and Electric Potential444

22.2 Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field446

22.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges448

22.4 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Chargc Distributions450

22.5 Obtaining E From the Electric Potential453

22.6 Potential of a Charged Conductor455

22.7 Applications of Electrostatics459

22.8 Summary462

Chapter 23.CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS469

23.1 Definition of Capacitance469

23.2 Calculation of Capacitance470

23.3 Combinations of Capacitors472

23.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor475

23.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics477

23.6 Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field481

23.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics482

23.8 Summary485

Chapter 24.CURRENT AND RESISTANCE492

24.1 Electric Current and Current Density492

24.2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law494

24.3 The Resistivity of Different Conductors497

24.4 Electrical Energy and Power499

24.5 A Model for Electrical Conduction501

24.6 Conduction in Semiconductors and Insulators504

24.7 Semiconductor Devices507

24.8 Summary509

Chapter 25.DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS514

25.1 Electromotive Force514

25.2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel516

25.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules519

25.4 RC Circuits522

25.5 Measurements of Resistance526

25.6 The Potentiometer528

25.7 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety528

25.8 Summary530

Chapter 26.MAGNETIC FIELDS536

261 Introduction536

26.2 Definition and Properties of the Magnetic Field537

26.3 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor540

26.4 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field543

26.5 Mofion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field547

26.6 Applications of the Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field549

26.7 The Hall Effect552

26.8 Summary554

Chapter 27.SOURCES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD560

27.1 The Biot-Savart Law560

27.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors564

27.3 Ampere’s Law565

27.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid568

27.5 Magnetic Flux570

27.6 Gauss’ Law in Magnetism571

27.7 The Magnetic Field Along the Axis of a Solenoid572

27.8 Displacement Current and the Generalized Amperes Law573

27.9 Summary574

Chapter 28.FARADAY’S LAW582

28.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction582

28.2 Motional emf584

28.3 Lenz’s Law587

28.4 Induced emfs and Electric Fields590

28.5 Generators and Motors591

28.6 Eddy Currents593

28.7 Maxwell’s Wonderful Equations595

28.8 Summary596

Chapter 29.INDUCTANCE603

29.1 Self-Inductance603

29.2 RL Circuits605

29.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field608

29.4 Mutual Inductance609

29.5 Oscillation in an LC Circuit611

29.6 The RLC Circuit615

29.7 Summary617

Chapte- 30.MAGNETISM IN MATTER624

30.1 The Magnetization of a Substance624

30.2 The Magnetic Moment of Atoms629

30.3 Paramagnetism630

30.4 Diamagnetism632

30.5 Ferromagnetism634

30.6 Summary637

Chapter 31.ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS641

31.1 Resistors in an ac Circuit641

31.2 Inductors in an ac Circuit642

31.3 Capacitors in an ac Circuit644

31.4 The RLC Series Circuit646

31.5 Power in an ac Circuit649

31.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit650

31.7 Filter Circuits653

31.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission654

31.9 Summary656

Chapter 32.WAVE MOTION662

32.1 Introduction662

32.2 Types of Waves663

32.3 One-Dimensional Traveling Waves665

32.4 Superposition and Interference of Waves667

32.5 The Velocity of Waves on Strings669

32.6 Reflection and Transmission of Waves671

32.7 Harmonic Waves673

32.8 Energy Transmitted by Harmonic Waves on Strings677

32.9 The Linear Wave Equation678

32.10 Summary679

Chapter 33.SOUND WAVES683

33.1 Velocity of Sound Waves683

33.2 Harmonic Sound Waves687

33.3 Energy and Intensity of Harmonic Sound Waves688

33.4 Spherical and Planar Waves690

33.5 The Doppler Effect692

33.6 Summary696

Chapter 34.SUPERPOSITION AND STANDING WAVES700

34.1 Superposition and Interference of Harmonic Waves701

34.2 Standing Waves703

34.3 Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends706

34.4 Resonance709

34.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns710

34.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Plates713

34.7 Beats: Interference in Time713

34.8 Complex Waves716

34.9 Summary717

Chapter 35.ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES722

35.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries723

35.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves724

35.3 Energy and Momentum of Electromagnetic Waves728

35.4 Radiation from an Infinite Current Sheet731

35.5 The Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna733

35.6 The Specttum of Electromagnetic Waves735

35.7 Summary737

Chapter 36.THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND THE LAWS OF GEOMETRIC OPTICS742

36.1 The Nature of Light742

36.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light744

36.3 Huygens’ Principle745

36.4 The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics746

36.5 The Laws of Reflection and Refraction at Planar Surfaces747

36.6 The Index of Refraction749

36.7 Dispersion and Prisms751

36.8 Huygens’ Principle Applied to Reflection and Refraction753

36.9 Total Internal Reflection754

36.10 Light Intensity756

36.11 Fermat’s Principle758

36.12 Summary759

Chapter 37.GEOMETRIC OPTICS764

37.1 Images Formed by Planar Mirrors764

37.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors765

37.3 Ray Diagrams for Mirrors769

37.4 Images Formed by Refraction770

37.5 Thin Lenses773

37.6 Lens Aberrations779

37.7 The Camera780

37.8 The Eye781

37.9 The Simple Magnifier783

37.10 The Compound Microscope and the Telescope784

37.11 Summary786

Chapter 38.INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT WAVES791

38.1 Conditions for Interference791

38.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment792

38.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern794

38.4 Phasor Addition of Waves797

38.5 Change of Phase Due to Reflection801

38.6 Interference in Thin Films803

38.7 The Michelson Interferometer806

38.8 Summary807

Chapter 39.DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION812

39.1 Introduction to Diffraction812

39.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction of a Single Slit814

39.3 Resolution of a Single Slit and Circular Apertures817

39.4 The Diffraction Grating820

39.5 Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals822

39.6 Polarization of Light Waves823

39.7 Summary829

Chapter 40.SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY835

40.1 Introduction835

40.2 The Principle of Relativity836

40.3 Evidence that Galilean Transformations are Incorrect837

40.4 Einstein’s Postulates838

40.5 The Lorentz Transformation839

40.6 Consequences of the Lorentz Transformation842

40.7 Simultaneity and the Relativity of Time847

40.8 Relativistic Momentum848

40.9 Relativistic Energy849

40.10 Confirmations and Consequences of Relativity Theory852

40.11 Summary853

Chapter 41.QUANTUM PHYSICS857

41.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis858

41.2 The Photoelectric Effect860

41.3 The Compton Effect863

41.4 Atomic Spectra866

41.5 The Bohr Theory of Hydrogen867

41.6 Photons and Electromagnetic Waves872

41.7 The Wave Properties of Particles873

41.8 The Wave Function875

41.9 The Uncertainty Principle876

41.10 Lasers and Atomic Transitions877

41.11 Summary880

Chapter 42.WAVE MECHANICS886

42.1 Introduction to Wave Mechanics886

42.2 The Wave Nature of Electrons888

42.3 A Particle in a Box891

42.4 The Schrodinger Equation895

42.5 Other Applications of the Schrodinger Equation899

42.6 The Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box905

42.7 Summary907

Chapter 43.ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS913

43.1 The Hydrogen Atom914

43.2 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen916

43.3 The Quantum Numbers919

43.4 The Normal Zeeman Effect922

43.5 Electron Spin924

43.6 Total Angular Momentum926

43.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table928

43.8 The Spectra of Atoms923

43.9 The Energy and Spectra of Molecules935

43.10 Summary940

Chapter 44.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE947

44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei947

44.2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces953

44.3 Nuclear Models955

44.4 Radioactivity958

44.5 The Decay Processes961

44.6 Nuclear Reactions967

44.7 Summary969

Chapter 45.NUCLEAR ENERGY AND NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER977

45.1 Collisions977

45.2 Interactions Involving Neutrons979

45.3 Nuclear Fission981

45.4 Nuclear Reactors983

45.5 Nuclear Fusion986

45.6 The Interaction of Particles with Matter992

45.7 Radiation Damage in Matter996

45.8 Radiation Detectors997

45.9 Summary1000