Capital A Critique of Political Economy Volume I The Process of Capitalist Production2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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EDITOR＇S NOTE TO THE FIRST AMERICAN EDITION7

AUTHOR＇S PREFACES－Ⅰ．To the First Edition11

AUTHOR＇S PREFACES－Ⅱ．To the Second Edition16

EDITOR＇S PREFACE－To the First English Translation27

EDITOR＇S PREFACE－To the Fourth German Edition32

PART Ⅰ．COMMODITIES AND MONEY．41

CHAPTER Ⅰ．Commodities41

Section 1．The two Factors of a Commodity;Use Value and Value(the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value)41

Section 2．The Twofold Character of the Labour embodied in Commodities48

Section 3．The Form of Value,or Exchange Value54

A．Elementary or Accidental Form of Value56

1．The two Poles of the Expression of Value:Relative Form and Fquivalent Form56

2．The Relative Form of Value57

(a．)The Nature and Import of this Form57

(b．)Quantitative Determination of Relative Value61

3．The Equivalent Form of Value64

4．The Elementary Form of Value considered as a Whole69

B．Total or Expanded Form of Value72

1．The Expanded Relative Form of Value72

2．The Particular Equivalent Form73

3．Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value74

C．The General Form of Value75

1．The altered Character of the Form of Value75

2．The interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value and of the Equivalent Form78

3．Transition from the General Form to the Money Form79

D．The Money Form80

Section 4．The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof81

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Exchange96

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Money．or the Circulation of Commodities106

Section 1．The Measure of Value106

Section 2．The Medium of Circulation116

a．The Metamorphosis of Commodities116

b．The Currency of Money128

c．Coin,and Symbols of Value140

Section 3．Money146

a．Hoarding146

b．Means of Payment151

c．Universal Money159

PART Ⅱ．THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITAL．163

CHAPTER Ⅳ．The General Formula for Capltal168

CHAPTER Ⅴ．Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital173

CHAPTER Ⅵ．The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power185

PART Ⅲ．THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS-VALUE．197

CHAPTER Ⅶ．The Labour Process and the Process of producing Surplus-Value197

Section 1．The Labour Process or the Production of Use-Value197

Section 2．The Production of Surplus-Value207

CHAPTER Ⅷ．Constant Capital and Variable Capital221

CHAPTER Ⅸ．The Rate of Surplus-Value235

Section 1．The Degree of Exploitation of Lahour-Power235

Section 2．The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by corresponding proportional Parts of the Product itself244

Section 3．Senior＇s＂Last Hour,＂248

Section 4．Surplus-Produce254

CHAPTER Ⅹ．The Working-Day255

Section 1．The Limits of the Working-Day255

Section 2．The Greed for Surplus-Labour．Manufacturer and Boyard259

Section 3．Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation268

Section 4．Day and Night Work．The Relay System282

Section 5．The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day．Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century290

Section 6．The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day．Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time．The English Factory Acts,1833 to 1864304

Section 7．The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day．Re-action of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries326

CHAPTER Ⅺ．Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value331

PART Ⅳ．PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE．342

CHAPTER Ⅻ．The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value342

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．Co-Operation353

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．Division of Labour and Manufacture368

Section 1．Twofold Origin of Manufacture368

Section 2．The Detail Labourer and his Implements372

Section 3．The two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture:Heterogeneous Manufacture,Serial Manufacture375

Section 4．Division of Labour in Manufacture,and Division of Labour in Society385

Section 5．The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture395

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．Machinery and Modern Industry405

Section 1．The Development of Machinery405

Section 2．The Value transferred by Machinery to the Product422

Section 3．The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman430

a．Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital．The Employment of Women and Children431

b．Prolongation of the Working-Day440

c．Intensification of Labour447

Section 4．The Factory457

Section 5．The Strife between Workman and Machinery466

Section 6．The Theory of Compensation as regards the Workpeople displaced by Machinery478

Section 7．Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System Crisis in the Cotton Trade488

Section 8．Revolution effected in Manufacture,Handicrafts,and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry502

a．Overthrow of Co-Operation based on Handicraft and on Division of Labour502

b．Re-action of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries504

c．Modern Manufacture506

d．Modern Domestic Industry509

e．Passage of Modern Manufacture and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical Industry．The Hastening of this Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to those Industries514

Section 9．The Factory Acts．Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same．Their general Extension in England526

Section 10．Modern Industry and Agriculture553

PART Ⅴ．THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE．557

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value557

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Valte568

Ⅰ．Length of the Working Day and Intensity of Labour constant．Productiveness of Labour variable569

Ⅱ．Working Day constant．Productiveness of Labour constant．Intensity of Labor variable574

Ⅲ．Productiveness and Intensity of Labour constant．Length of the Working Day variable576

Ⅳ．Simultaneous Variations in the Duration,Productiveness and Intensity of Labour578

(1．)Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a simultaneous Lengthening of the Working Day578

(2．)Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with simultaneous Shortening of the Working Day580

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．Various Formlae for the Rate of Surplus-Value582

PART Ⅵ．WAGES．586

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．The Transformation of the Value(and respectively the Price)of Labour-Power into Wages586

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ．Time-wages594

CHAPTER ⅩⅪ．Piece-Wages602

CHAPTER ⅩⅫ．National Differences of Wages611

PART Ⅶ．THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL．618

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ．Simple Reproduction619

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ．Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital634

Section 1．Capitalist Production on a progressively increasing Scale．Transition of the Laws of Property that characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation634

Section 2．Erroneous Conception,by Political Economy,of Reproduction on a progressively increasing Scale644

Section 3．Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue．The Abstinence Theory648

Section 4．Circumstances that,independently of the proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue,determine the Amount of Accumulation．Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power．Productivity of Labour．Growing Difference in Amount between Capital employed and Capital consumed．Magnitude of Capital advanced656

Section 5．The so-called Labour Fund667

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ．The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation671

Section 1．The increased Demand for Labour-Power that accompanies Accumulation,the Composition of Capital remaining the same671

Section 2．Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that accompanies it681

Section 3．Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus-Population,or Industrial Reserve Army689

Section 4．Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-Population．The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation703

Section 5．Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation711

a．England from 1846 to 1866711

b．The badly paid Strata of the British Industrial Class718

c．The Nomad Population728

d．Effect of Crises on the best paid Part of the Working Class733

e．The British Agricultural Proletariat739

f．Ireland767

PART ⅤⅢ．THE SO-CALLED PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION．784

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ．The Secret of Primitive Accumulation784

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ．Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land788

CHAPTET ⅩⅩⅤⅢ．Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated from the End of the 15th Century．Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament805

CHAPTER ⅩⅪⅩ．Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer814

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩ．Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry．Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital817

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅪ．Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist822

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅫ．Historical Tendency of Capitalistic Accumulation834

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅢ．The Modern Theory of Colonization838

Works and Authors quoted in＂Capital,＂850

Index866