Digital and Analog Communication Systems2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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PREFACE19

LIST OF SYMBOLS23

1 INTRODUCTION29

1-1 Historical Perspective30

1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems30

1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms33

1-4 Organization of the Book34

1-5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB35

1-6 Block Diagram of a Communication System36

1-7 Frequency Allocations38

1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves40

1-9 Information Measure44

1-10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems46

1-11 Coding47

Block Codes，48

Convolutional Codes，50

Code Interleaving，53

Code Performance，53

Trellis-Coded Modulation，56

1-12 Preview57

1-13 Study-Aid Examples57

Problems58

2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA60

2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise60

Physically Realizable Waveforms，60

Time Average Operator，62

DC Value，63

Power，64

RMS Value and Normalized Power，66

Energy and Power Waveforms，67

Decibel，67

Phasors，69

2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra70

Definition，70

Properties of Fourier Transforms，73

Parseval’s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density，75

Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function，78

Rectangular and Triangular Pulses，81

Convolution，85

2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function88

Power Spectral Density，88

Autocorrelation Function，90

2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise92

Orthogonal Functions，92

Orthogonal Series，94

2-5 Fourier Series95

Complex Fourier Series，95

Quadrature Fourier Series，97

Polar Fourier Series，98

Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms，100

Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms，104

2-6 Review of Linear Systems106

Linear Time-Invariant Systems，106

Impulse Response，106

Transfer Function，107

Distortionless Transmission，110

Distortion of Audio，Video，and Data Signals，111

2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise113

Bandlimited Waveforms，113

Sampling Theorem，114

Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing（DSP），117

Dimensionality Theorem，120

2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform121

Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform，122

Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series，127

2-9 Bandwidth of Signals128

2-10 Summary137

2-11 Study-Aid Examples137

Problems142

3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING150

3-1 Introduction150

3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation151

Natural Sampling（Gating），151

Instantaneous Sampling（Flat-Top PAM），155

3-3 Pulse Code Modulation159

Sampling，Quantizing，and Encoding，160

Practical PCM Circuits，160

Bandwidth of PCM Signals，164

Effects of Noise，165

Nonuniform Quantizing：μ-Law and A-Law Companding，169

V.90 56-kb/s PCM Computer Modem，173

3-4 Digital Signaling174

Vector Representation，175

Bandwidth Estimation，177

Binary Signaling，178

Multilevel Signaling，180

3-5 Line Codes and Spectra182

Binary Line Coding，182

Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes，185

Differential Coding，191

Eye Patterns，192

Regenerative Repeaters，193

Bit Synchronization，195

Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals，198

Spectral Effciency，201

3-6 IntersymbolInterference202

Nyquist’s First Method（Zero ISI），204

Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering，205

Nyquist’s Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI，210

3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation210

3-8 Delta Modulation214

Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise，216

Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation，219

Speech Coding，221

3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing221

Frame Synchronization，222

Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines，224

TDM Hierarchy，228

The TI PCM System，233

3-10 Packet Transmission System235

3-11 Pulse Time Modulation：Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation235

3-12 Summary237

3-13 Study-Aid Examples240

Problems243

4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS250

4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms250

Definitions：Baseband，Bandpass，and Modulation，250

Complex Envelope Representation，251

4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals253

4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals256

4-4 Evaluation of Power257

4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion260

Equivalent Low-Pass Filter，260

Linear Distortion，262

4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem264

4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise265

4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers266

Filters，266

Amplifiers，270

4-9 Nonlinear Distortion271

4-10 Limiters276

4-11 Mixers，Up Converters，and Down Converters277

4-12 Frequency Multipliers283

4-13 Detector Circuits285

Envelope Detector，285

Product Detector，286

Frequency Modulation Detector，288

4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers293

4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis301

4-16 Transmitters and Receivers301

Generalized Transmitters，301

Generalized Receiver：The Superheterodyne Receiver，303

Zero-IF Receivers，307

Interference，308

4-17 Software Radios308

4-18 Summary309

4-19 Study-Aid Examples309

Problems315

5 AM，FM，AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS320

5-1 Amplitude Modulation321

5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards326

Digital AM Braodcasting，327

5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier328

5-4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop328

5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals330

Single Sideband，330

Vestigial Sideband，334

5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation336

Representation of PM and FM Signals，336

Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals，341

Narrowband Angle Modulation，346

Wideband Frequency Modulation，347

Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems，351

5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo351

5-8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards355

Digital FM Braodcasting，355

5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling357

On-Off Keying（OOK），357

Binary Phase-Shift Keying（BPSK），361

Differential Phase-Shift Keying（DPSK），363

Frequency-Shift Keying（FSK），363

5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling370

Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying（QPSK）and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying（MPSK），370

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation（QAM），373

OQPSK and π/4 QPSK，376

PSD for MPSK，QAM，QPSK，OQPSK，and π/4 QPSK377

Spectral Effciency for MPSK，QAM，QPSK，OQPSK，and π/4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering，379

5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying（MSK）and GMSK380

5-12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing（OFDM）385

5-13 Spread Spectrum Systems390

Direct Sequence，391

Frequency Hopping，397

SS Frequency Bands，397

5-14 Summary397

5-15 Study-Aid Examples399

Problems402

6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS409

6-1 Some Basic Definitions409

Random Processes，409

Stationarity and Ergodicity，411

Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity，415

Complex Random Processes，417

6-2 Power Spectral Density419

Definition，419

Wiener-Khintchine Theorem，420

Properties of the PSD，423

General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals，427

White-Noise Processes，430

Measurement of PSD，431

6-3 DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes432

6-4 Linear Systems434

Input-Output Relationships，434

6-5 Bandwidth Measures439

Equivalent Bandwidth，439

RMS Bandwidth，439

6-6 The Gaussian Random Process441

Properties of Gaussian Processes，442

6-7 Bandpass Processes446

Bandpass Representations，446

Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes，449

Proofs of Some Properties，454

6-8 Matched Filters459

General Results，459

Results for White Noise，461

Correlation Processing，466

Transversal Matched Filter，467

6-9 Summary470

6-10 Appendix：Proof of Schwarz’s Inequality472

6-11 Study-Aid Examples474

Problems476

7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE482

7-1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling482

General Results，482

Results for Gaussian Noise，485

Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception，487

Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception，488

7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems489

Unipolar Signaling，489

Polar Signaling，492

Bipolar Signaling，492

7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals494

On-Off Keying，494

Binary-Phase-Shift Keying，496

Frequency-Shift Keying，497

7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals500

On-Off Keying，500

Frequency-Shift Keying，504

Differential Phase-Shift Keying，506

7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying508

7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems510

Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth，510

Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling，512

Synchronization，513

7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems514

7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems520

Comparison with Baseband Systems，520

AM Systems with Product Detection，521

AM Systems with Envelope Detection，523

DSB-SC Systems，524

SSB Systems，525

PM Systems，525

FM Systems，529

FM Systems with Threshold Extension，532

FM Systems with Deemphasis，534

7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems537

Ideal System Performance，537

7-10 Summary540

7-11 Study-Aid Examples540

Problems549

8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS555

8-1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications555

8-2 Telephone Systems555

Historical Basis，556

Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals，557

8-3 Digital Subscriber Lines（DSL）563

G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines，564

Video On Demand（VOD），566

Integrated Service Digital Network（ISDN），566

8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks569

8-5 Satellite Communication Systems569

Digital and Analog Television Transmission，574

Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access，576

Satellite Radio Broadcasting，581

8-6 Link Budget Analysis583

Signal Power Received，584

Thermal Noise Sources，586

Characterization of Noise Sources，587

Noise Characterization of Linear Devices，588

Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices，594

Link Budget Evaluation，596

Eb/N0 Link Budget for Digital Systems，598

Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments，599

8-7 Fiber-Optic Systems603

8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems607

First Generation（1G）—The AMPS Analog System，608

Second Generation（2G）—The Digital Systems，611

The 1，900-MHz Band PCS Systems，614

Status of 2G Networks，615

Third Generation（3G）Systems，615

8-9 Television616

Black-and-White Television，616

MTS Stereo Sound，623

Color Television，623

Standards for TV and CA TV Systems，628

Digital TV（DTV），636

8-10 Cable Data Modems640

8-11 Wireless Data Networks641

Wi-Fi，641

Wi-Max，643

8-12 Summary644

8-13 Study-Aid Examples644

Problems649

APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES，IDENTITIES，AND TABLES653

A-1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers653

Definitions，653

Trigonometric Identities and Complex Numbers，653

A-2 Differential Calculus654

Definition，654

Differentiation Rules，654

Derivative Table，654

A-3 Indeterminate Forms655

A-4 Integral Calculus655

Definition，655

Integration Techniques，656

A-5 Integral Tables656

Indefinite Integrals，656

Definite Integrals，657

A-6 Series Expansions658

Finite Series，658

Infinite Series，658

A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs659

A-8 The Dirac Delta Function659

Properties of Dirac Delta Functions，660

A-9 Tabulation of Sa（x）＝（sinx）/x661

A-10 Tabulation of Q（z）662

APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES664

B-1 Introduction664

B-2 Sets664

B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency666

Simple Probability，666

Joint Probability，667

Conditional Probabilities，668

B-4 Random Variables669

B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions669

Properties of CDFs and PDFs，672

Discrete and Continuous Distributions，672

B-6 Ensemble Average and Moments676

Ensemble Average，676

Moments，677

B-7 Examples of Important Distributions679

Binomial Distribution，679

Poisson Distribution，682

Uniform Distribution，682

Gaussian Distribution，682

Sinusoidal Distribution，687

B-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables687

B-9 Multivariate Statistics692

Multivariate CDFs and PDFs，692

Bivariate Statistics，694

Gaussian Bivariate Distribution，695

Multivariate Functional Transformation，696

Central Limit Theorem，698

Problems700

APPENDIX C USING MATLAB706

C-1 Quick Start for Running M-Files707

C-2 Programming in MATLAB707

REFERENCES710

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS723

INDEX727

Abbreviations750

Fourier Transform Theorems752

Fourier Transform Pairs753

Q（z）Function753