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Preface11

Contributors13

Chapter 1. Introduction&By Helle Tegner Anker, Birgitte Egelund Olsen ＆ Anita Ronne17

1. Background17

2. A Comparative Approach18

3. Environmental and Energy Law19

4. The Structure20

Chapter 2. Civil Law and Common Law Systems&By Julian Juergensmeyer ＆ Ellen Margrethe Basse25

1. Introduction25

2. The Civil and Common Law Traditions26

2.1. Historical Background of the Civil Law System27

2.2. Historical Background of the Common Law System29

3. Civil Law and Common Law Systems-Compared and Contrasted30

3.1. Sources of Law31

3.2. Codes34

Chapter 3. International and EU Legal Systems37

1. The International Legal System-by Sanford Gaines37

1.1. Legal Sources and Main Principles37

1.2. The Relationship between International Law and National Law39

1.3. Energy and Environmental Law39

2. The EU Legal System-by Birgitte Egelund Olsen44

2.1. The EU Legal Tradition45

2.2. Historical Background49

2.3. Legal Institutions and Law Making51

2.4. The Relationship between EU Law and International Law54

2.5. The Balance of Powers between the EU and the Member States56

2.6. The Role of the Court57

2.7. Energy and Environmental Law58

Chapter 4. National Legal Systems61

1. The Danish Legal System-by Ellen Margrethe Basse ＆ Jorgen Dalberg-Larsen61

1.1. The Scandinavian Legal Tradition61

1.2. The Danish Legal Tradition67

1.3. The Role of the Courts71

1.4. Environmental and Energy Law71

1.5. Commentary from a Norwegian Point of View-by Hans Christian Bugge73

2. The United States Legal System-by Julian Juergensmeyer ＆ Sanford Gaines75

2.1. The US Legal Tradition75

2.2. Historical Background80

2.3. Legal Institutions and Law Making81

2.4. The Role of the Courts86

2.5. Energy and Environmental Law87

2.6. Commentary from a New Zealand Point of View-by Barry Barton ＆ David Grinlinton90

Chapter 5. Jurisdiction, Fundamental Rights and the Market&By Helle Tegner Anker, Sanford Gaines ＆ Birgitte Egelund Olsen93

1. Introduction93

2. Jurisdictional issues94

2.1. International-National Level94

2.2. Federal-State Level95

2.3. National-Regional-Local Level97

3. Protection of Fundamental Rights102

3.1. Private Property Rights102

3.2. Right to a Good Environment?107

3.3. Right to Information and Public Participation110

3.4. Access to Justice113

4. Market Conditions115

4.1. Non-discrimination115

4.2. Antitrust and Competition Rules117

4.3. Subsidies and State Aid119

Chapter 6. Planning Law123

1. Introduction-by Helle Tegner Anker and Birgitte Egelund Olsen123

2. International Planning Law-by Helle Tegner Anker124

3. EU Planning Law-by Helle Tegner Anker and Birgitte Egelund Olsen125

4. Danish Planning Law-by Helle Tegner Anker127

4.1 Land Use Planning128

4.2 Coastal and Marine Planning130

4.3 Public Participation and Appeals131

5. Norwegian Planning Law-by Hans Christian Bugge131

5.1. County Plans133

5.2. Land Use Plans at the Municipal Level133

5.3. Coastal or Marine Planning135

5.4. Public Participation, Appeals and Objections136

6. US Federal and State Planning Law-by Julian Juergensmeyer137

6.1 State and Local Government Land Use Plans137

6.2. Coastal Zone Planning and Management140

6.3. Public Participation and Appeals144

7. New Zealand Planning Law-by David Grinlinton145

7.1. The RMA-Background and Regulatory Structure145

7.2. Applying the Regulatory Structure to Wind Energy Development148

7.3. RMA Resource (Planning) Consents and Decision-making149

7.4. Applying the RMA Decision-making Process to Wind Energy Development151

7.5. Public Participation and Appeals152

7.6. Enforcement Mechanisms and Criminal Offences153

Chapter 7. Environmental Assessment Procedures155

1. Introduction-by Helle Tegner Anker155

2. International Law on EIA and SEA155

3. EU Law on EIA and SEA-by Helle Tegner Anker and Birgitte Egelund Olsen158

3.1. The EIA Directive159

3.2. The SEA Directive160

4. The Danish EIA and SEA Rules-by Helle Tegner Anker161

4.1. EIA161

4.2. SEA163

5. Norwegian EIA and SEA Rules-by Hans Christian Bugge163

6. US Federal and State EIA and SEA Rules-by Sanford Gaines166

6.1. Federal Environmental Impact Assessment-NEPA166

6.2. State Environmental Impact Assessment168

7. New Zealand's EIA and SEA Rules-by David Grinlinton169

7.1. Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE)170

7.2. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)171

7.3. Environmental and Sustainability Assessment (ESA)172

Chapter 8. Nature Protection Law173

1. Introduction-by Helle Tegner Anker173

2. International Nature Protection Law173

3. EU Nature Protection Law177

3.1. Protection of Habitats-Nature 2000178

3.2. EU Species Protection180

4. Danish Nature Protection Law182

4.1. Protection of Habitats etc.182

4.2. Protection of Species185

5. Norwegian Nature Protection Law-by Hans Christian Bugge185

5.1. The Nature Conservation Act186

5.2. Species Protection188

6. US Federal and State Nature Protection Law-by Julian Juergensmeyer189

6.1. The Endangered Species Act189

6.2. Wetlands193

7. New Zealand Nature Protection Law-by David Grinlinton201

7.1. The Role of the Resource Management Act 1991 in Nature Protection201

7.2. General Legislation Protecting Habitats202

7.3. Species Protection204

Chapter 9. Environmental Protection Law207

1. Introduction-by Bent Ole Gram Mortensen207

2. International Rules on Noise and Related Issues208

3. EU Rules on Noise and Related Issues209

3.1. EU Noise Rules for Outdoor Equipment210

3.2. EIA Directive210

3.3. Directive Relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise211

4. Danish Rules on Noise and Related Issues211

4.1. Private Law and Public Law212

4.2. Noise Standards215

4.3. Reflection (light)216

4.4. Shadows and Visual Impact217

4.5. Vibration217

5. Norwegian Rules on Noise and Related Issues-by Hans Christian Bugge218

5.1. Private Law and Public Law218

5.2. Integrated Pollution Control219

5.3. Noise221

5.4. Compensation222

6. US Rules on Noise and Related Issues-by Margaret Rosso Grossman222

6.1. Nuisance223

6.2. Noise and Vibration226

6.3. Shadows and Visual Effects230

7. New Zealand Rules on Noise and Related Issues-by David Grinlinton232

7.1. Common Law Remedies232

7.2. Regulation of Noise and Vibration234

7.3. Light Reflection, Shadows and Visual Effects236

Chapter 10. Energy Law ＆ Regulation of Wind Energy239

1. Introduction-by Anita Ronne239

1.1. Energy Law-by Barry Barton241

1.2. Wind Energy Law-by Anita Ronne244

2. International Regulation of Wind Turbines246

2.1. Introduction246

2.2. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea247

2.3. The Climate Change Convention and the Kyoto Protocol248

2.4. The Energy Charter Treaty249

3. EU Regulation of Wind Turbines250

3.1. The EC Treaty250

3.2. Policy Development252

3.3. Instruments to Promote Wind Energy253

4. Danish Regulation of Wind Turbines255

4.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy255

4.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines260

4.3. Regulation of Wind Turbines Offshore262

4.4. Market Access and Connection to Networks265

4.5. Price Regulation and Subsidies266

4.6. Public Authorities and System Operators267

5. Norwegian Regulation of Wind Turbines-by Ulf Hammer269

5.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy269

5.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines270

5.3. Market Access and Connection to Networks272

5.4. Price Regulation and Subsidies274

5.5. Public Authorities and System Operators275

6. US Regulation of Wind Turbines-by Sanford Gaines275

6.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy275

6.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines277

6.3. Market Access and Connection to Networks281

6.4. Price Regulation and Subsidies282

6.5. Public Authorities and System Operators283

7. New Zealand Regulation of Wind Turbines-by Barry Barton284

7.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy284

7.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines287

7.3. Market Access and Connection to Networks288

7.4. Price Regulation and Subsidies290

7.5. Public Authorities and System Operators291

Chapter 11. Comparisons and Conclusions&By Helle Tegner Anker, Birgitte Egelund Olsen ＆ Anita Ronne293

1. The Development of Wind Energy293

2. The Legal Framework for Wind Energy-A Comparison295

2.1. The Legal Traditions296

2.2. Jurisdictional Issues297

2.3. Fundamental Rights299

2.4. Planning Law302

2.5. Environmental Assessment303

2.6. Nature Protection Issues305

2.7. Environmental Protection Issues307

2.8. Energy Law Issues309

3. Conclusions313

Appendix Ⅰ Developing a Wind Farm-Case Scenarios and Questions317

Appendix Ⅱ Wind Power Development in a Small State: The Case of Maine-by Donald N. Zillman320

Appendix Ⅲ Case Law334

Appendix Ⅳ Country Facts341

Bibliography347