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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 Environment and Environmental Problems1

1.2 Environment Monitoring，Purpose and Categories of Monitoring2

1.2.1 Concept for environment monitoring2

1.2.2 Purpose of environment monitoring3

1.2.3 Categories of environment monitoring3

1.3 Environment Monitoring Technology4

1.3.1 Development of environment monitoring4

1.3.2 Environment monitoring technology5

1.3.3 Procedure for environment monitoring7

1.4 Environment Standards8

1.4.1 Definition of environment standards8

1.4.2 Components of China environment standard system8

Questions10

Chapter 2 Water Quality Monitoring11

2.1 Overview11

2.1.1 Water pollution and water quality12

2.1.2 Object and objective of water quality monitoring13

2.1.3 Water quality monitoring items13

2.1.4 Water quality monitoring and analysis methods15

2.2 Water Sample Collection and Preservation17

2.2.1 Sampling site setting18

2.2.2 Water sample collection24

2.2.3 Water sample preservation26

2.3 Physical Properties of Water28

2.3.1 Temperature28

2.3.2 Taste and odor29

2.3.3 Color31

2.3.4 Turbidity32

2.3.5 Residues34

2.3.6 Conductivity35

2.4 Determination of Trace Metals37

2.4.1 Mercury38

2.4.2 Copper，zinc，lead，cadmium39

2.4.3 Calcium and magnesium41

2.5 Determination of Synthetical Index42

2.5.1 Acidity and alkalinity42

2.5.2 pH43

2.5.3 DO44

2.5.4 Nitrogen compounds47

2.5.5 Sulfide51

2.5.6 Phosphorus-containing compounds54

2.6 Determination of Organic Pollutants55

2.6.1 COD55

2.6.2 Permanganate index58

2.6.3 BOD59

2.6.4 TOC62

2.6.5 Specific organic pollutants62

2.7 Biological Monitoring of Water Pollution68

2.7.1 Purpose and items for monitoring.sample collection68

2.7.2 Monitoring methods for biocoenosis69

2.7.3 Testing methods for biological toxicity73

2.7.4 Testing method of bacteriology76

Summary79

Questions81

Common used instruments for water quality monitoring82

Chapter 3 Atmospheric Monitoring94

3.1 Overview94

3.1.1 Atmosphere and its composition95

3.1.2 Atmospheric pollution and pollutants97

3.1.3 Atmospheric pollutants concentration98

3.2 Atmospheric Monitoring Purpose and Scheme99

3.2.1 Purpose and methods100

3.2.2 Investigation and data collected100

3.2.3 Monitoring items101

3.3 Atmosphere Samples Collection102

3.3.1 Layout of monitoring points102

3.3.2 Sampling frequency and sampling time105

3.3.3 Sampling method107

3.3.4 Sampler111

3.4 Gaseous Pollutants Monitoring113

3.4.1 SO2113

3.4.2 NOx115

3.4.3 O3118

3.4.4 VOCs and formaldehyde119

3.5 Monitoring of Atmospheric Particles121

3.5.1 Mass concentration121

3.5.2 Determination of chemical components124

3.6 Precipitation Monitoring131

3.6.1 Layout of sampling points131

3.6.2 Sampling132

3.6.3 Determination of precipitation components133

3.7 Pollution Sources Monitoring135

3.7.1 Stationary source monitoring135

3.7.2 Mobile source monitoring147

3.8 Biological Monitoring of Atmosphere Pollution150

3.8.1 Plants monitoring methods150

3.8.2 Animal monitoring method154

3.8.3 Microorganism monitoring method154

Summary156

Questions158

Common used instruments for atmosphere monitoring159

Chapter 4 Solid Wastes Monitoring166

4.1 Overview166

4.1.1 Definition of solid wastes166

4.1.2 Classification for solid wastes167

4.1.3 Monitoring contents for solid wastes169

4.2 Samples Collection and Preparation for Solid Wastes170

4.2.1 Samples collection170

4.2.2 Sampling preparations176

4.2.3 Samples preservation177

4.2.4 Water content and pH of samples determination177

4.3 Monitoring of Hazardous Characteristics of Solid Wastes178

4.3.1 Identification ofacute toxicity178

4.3.2 Testing of corrosivity178

4.3.3 Testing of inflammability179

4.3.4 Testing of reactivity179

4.3.5 Extraction toxicity180

4.4 Monitoring of Domestic Wastes181

4.4.1 Domestic wastes and classification181

4.4.2 Samples collection and preparation for domestic wastes182

4.4.3 Analysis on the characteristics of domestic wastes183

4.4.4 Monitoring of wastes landfill sites185

Summary187

Questions189

Common used instruments for solid waste monitoring190

Chapter 5 Soil Monitoring191

5.1 Soil and Soil Contamination191

5.1.1 Overview of soil191

5.1.2 Characteristics of soil composition192

5.1.3 Soil background value195

5.1.4 Soil contamination and characteristics195

5.2 The Classification and Items for Soil Monitoring197

5.2.1 Classification197

5.2.2 Monitoring items198

5.3 Soil Sample Collection198

5.3.1 Stationing199

5.3.2 Sampling depth200

5.3.3 Sampling time202

5.3.4 Sampling quantity202

5.3.5 Sample collection for soil background value203

5.4 Preparation and Storage of Soil Samples205

5.4.1 Preparation of soil samples205

5.4.2 Storage of soil samples206

5.5 Pretreatment of Soil Samples206

5.5.1 Decomposition method207

5.5.2 Extraction method208

5.6 Testing of Soil Samples209

5.7 Biological Monitoring of Soil Contamination209

5.7.1 Monitoring method of plants210

5.7.2 Monitoring method of animals210

5.7.3 Monitoring method of microorganisms210

Summary212

Questions214

Common used instruments for soil monitoring215

Chapter 6 Noise Pollution Monitoring217

6.1 Noise definition，hazards and sources217

6.2 Characteristics of Noise Pollution218

6.3 Physical Properties and Measuring of Sound218

6.3.1 The sound occurrence，frequency，wavelength and speed218

6.3.2 Sound power，sound intensity and sound pressure219

6.3.3 Decibel，sound power level，sound intensity level， and sound pressure level219

6.3.4 Noise superposition and subtraction220

6.4 Noise Subjective Assessment and Evaluation Parameters223

6.4.1 Loudness and loudness level223

6.4.2 Weighted sound level223

6.4.3 Sound level evaluation223

6.5 Noise Measuring Instruments225

6.6 Noise Monitoring226

6.6.1 Environmental standards for noise226

6.6.2 Urban environmental noise monitoring228

6.6.3 Industrial enterprises noise monitoring230

6.6.4 Motor vehicles noise monitoring230

6.6.5 Aircraft noise monitoring around airport231

Summary233

Questions234

Common used instruments for noise monitoring235

Chapter 7 Environmental Emergency Monitoring237

7.1 Basic Concepts237

7.1.1 Sudden environmental pollution accidents237

7.1.2 Emergency monitoring237

7.1.3 Sudden environmental pollution accidents treatment and disposal238

7.2 Sudden Environmental Pollution Accidents Types and Characteristics238

7.2.1 Types238

7.2.2 Characteristics240

7.3 Nuclear Accident Emergency Monitoring and Treatment and Disposal241

7.3.1 Content of radioactivity monitoring241

7.3.2 Instruments of radioactivity monitoring241

7.3.3 General radiation incidents242

7.3.4 Large radiation accidents242

7.3.5 Radiation dose and its units244

7.4 Toxic Gas Leak Pollution Accidents Emergency Monitoring Treatment and Disposal246

7.4.1 Carbon monoxide leak(poisoning) accident246

7.4.2 Hydrogen cyanide spill accident248

7.4.3 Ammonia spill accident249

7.5 Toxic Chemicals Pollution Accident Emergency Monitoring and Treatment and Disposal251

7.5.1 Cadmium poisoning251

7.5.2 Hexavalent chromium poisoning252

7.5.3 Mercury poisoning253

7.5.4 Thallium poisoning254

7.5.5 Benzene poisoning256

Summary257

Questions258

Common used instruments for emergency monitoring259

Chapter 8 Environmental Monitoring Quality Management261

8.1 Significance and Contents of Quality Guarantee261

8.2 Data Processing262

8.2.1 Error and deviation262

8.2.2 Population，sample and mean value265

8.2.3 Accuracy and precision266

8.2.4 Data processing267

8.3 Laboratory Quality Assurance271

8.3.1 Basis of laboratory271

8.3.2 Environmental reference materials272

8.3.3 Quality control of experimental process274

8.3.4 Laboratory quality control276

8.3.5 Interlaboratory quality control280

Summary282

Questions283

Reference284

Acknowledgements285

About the Author286

Abbreviations and Acronyms287