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Chapter 1 ACTUS REUS AND MENS REA1

Ⅰ.ACTUS REUS1

A. Significance of actus reus concept1

B. Distinguished from thoughts, words, possession and status1

1. Statement of intent made to third party1

2. Possession as criminal act1

3. Unconsciousness3

2. Reflex or convulsion3

1. Model Penal Code examples3

C. Act must be voluntary3

4. Hypnotism4

5. Self-induced state4

D. Omissions5

1. Distinguished from affirmative acts5

2. Limited liability for omissions5

Quiz Yourself on ACTUS REUS9

Ⅱ. MENS REA11

A. Introduction11

1. General intent12

B. General versus specific intent12

2. Specific intent13

C. Common law vs. statutory crimes13

1. Statutory offenses not existing at common law14

D. Presumption of intent14

E. Different states of mind14

F. Purposely14

G. Knowingly16

H. Recklessly19

I. Negligently20

1. Constitutionality21

J. Strict liability21

2. Interpretation22

3. Typical strict-liability provisions23

K. Vicarious liability24

L. Mistakes of fact or law26

1. Grounds for confusion26

2. General mental state26

3. Mistake must be reasonable27

4. Mistake of law27

5. Modern view27

6. Unreasonable mistake28

8. Mistake of law as to collateral fact29

7. Lesser crime theory retained29

9. Mistaken belief that conduct is not a crime30

10. Exceptions to general rule31

Quiz Yourself on MENS REA33

Ⅲ. CONCURRENCE35

A. Concurrence generally35

B. Concurrence between mind and act ( temporal concurrence )35

3. Concurrence must be with act, not results36

4. Concurrence may be with any act that is legal cause of harm36

1. Mental state must cause act36

2. Voluntary intoxication36

C. Concurrence between mind and result37

1. Different crime occurs37

2. Recklessly- or negligently-caused result38

3. Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter rules38

4. Same kind of harm but different degree39

5. Manner of harm39

Quiz Yourself on CONCURRENCE40

6. Different victim40

Exam Tips on ACTUS REAS AND MENS REA41

Chapter 2 CAUSATION44

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION44

Ⅱ. CAUSE IN FACT44

A. Cause in fact generally44

1. Expansive test44

2. Substantial factor test44

3. Shortening of life45

4. Murder victim must have been alive at time of act45

A. Proximate cause, in general46

B. No mechanical principles46

5. Two people working together46

Ⅲ. PROXIMATE CAUSE GENERALLY46

1. Year-and-a-day rule in homicide47

Ⅳ. PROXIMATE CAUSE—UNINTENDED VICTIMS47

A. Unintended victims generally47

B. Resulting crime is more serious48

C. Application where different property destroyed48

G. Mistake of identity49

F. Defense assertable against intended victim49

E. Must be linked to manner of harm problems49

D. Actual victim not foreseeable49

H. Crimes of recklessness or negligence50

Ⅴ. PROXIMATE CAUSE—UNINTENDED MANNER OF HARM51

A. Unintended manner of harm generally51

1. No liability for bizarre results51

B. Direct causation51

1. Small differences in type of injury51

3. Pre-existing weakness52

4. Death caused without physical impact52

2. Slightly different mechanism52

5. Come to rest in apparent safety53

6. Recklessness and negligence crimes53

C. Intervening acts53

1. Dependent vs. independent intervening acts54

2. Four kinds of acts54

3. Intervening acts by third person54

4. Act by victim57

5. Act by defendant59

D. Causation in felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter cases60

6. Non-human event60

7. Recklessness or negligence crime60

E. Strict liability crimes61

Quiz Yourself on CAUSATION (ENTIRE CHAPTER)61

Exam Tips on CAUSATION64

Chapter 3 RESPONSIBILITY67

Ⅰ. THE INSANITY DEFENSE67

A. General purpose67

C. M Naghten right-wrong rule68

B. Tests for insanity68

D. Irresistible impulse70

E. The Durham product test70

F. Model Penal Code standard70

1. Similarity to older tests71

2. Only substantial capacity might be lacking71

3. Emotional awareness of wrongful conduct71

4. Psychopaths and sociopaths71

G. The federal standard72

1. Who raises defense73

2. Burden of persuasion73

H. Raising and establishing the defense73

3. When defense must be raised74

4. Psychiatric examination74

5. Role of the jury75

6. Bifurcated trial76

7. Insanity defense as all or nothing76

I. XYY chromosome defense77

J. Commitment following insanity acquittal77

K. Fitness to stand trial78

Quiz Yourself on THE INSANITY DEFENSE79

L. Insanity at time set for execution79

Ⅱ. DIMINISHED RESPONSIBILITY80

A. Meaning of diminished responsibility80

B. Insanity defense sometimes held to be superseding81

C. Specific applications82

1. Murder reduced to manslaughter82

2. Low blood sugar83

1. People v. Grant83

B. Defense sometimes superseded by insanity83

C. Generally allowed in America83

Ⅲ. AUTOMATISM83

2. Heat of passion manslaughter83

A. Nature of automatism defense83

3. Premenstrual Syndrome defense84

4. Post-traumatic stress disorder84

Ⅳ. INTOXICATION84

A. The problem generally84

B. Voluntary intoxication84

2. Specific intent crimes85

3. Categories abandoned85

1. Effect upon mental state85

4. Defense to traditional general intent crimes86

5. Recklessness87

6. Negligence88

7. Self-defense89

8. Insanity89

C. Involuntary intoxication89

1. Several kinds of involuntary intoxication89

D. Alcoholism and narcotics addiction91

Quiz Yourself on INTOXICATION92

B. Effect of legislation94

A. Common-law treatment94

Ⅴ. INFANCY94

Exam Tips on RESPONSIBILITY95

Chapter 4 JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE98

Ⅰ. GENERAL PRINCIPLES98

A. Justification vs. excuse98

B. Effect of mistake of fact98

C. Overlapping of defenses99

Ⅱ. DURESS100

A. Nature of duress100

B. Elements of the defense100

C. Rationale for defense100

D. Homicide cases100

1. Justifications100

1. Rule breaking down101

F. Death or serious bodily injury101

G. Threat directed at person other than defendant101

E. Imminence of threatened harm101

2. Felony-murder101

H. Effect of mistake102

I. Defendant who voluntarily subjects himself to danger102

J. Wife coerced by husband102

K. Military orders102

L. Guilt of coercer102

1. Choice of evils103

A. The necessity defense generally103

Ⅲ. NECESSITY103

M. Relation to choice of evils or necessity defense103

B. Requirements for defense104

1. Greater harm104

2. No alternative104

3. Imminence104

4. Situation not caused by defendant104

5. Nature of harm104

C. Illustrative examples104

D. Homicide105

F. Civil disobedience106

G. Prevention of possible future harm not sufficient106

E. Economic necessity not sufficient106

Ⅳ. SELF-DEFENSE107

A. Self-defense generally107

B. Requirements107

C. What constitutes unlawful force107

1. Excessive force107

E. Deadly force108

1. Use of non-deadly force108

D. Degree of force108

4. Consent108

3. Effect of mistake108

2. Force which would be excused108

F. Imminence of harm109

1. Not unduly strict standard109

2. Withdrawal by aggressor110

G. Aggressor may not defend himself110

1. Aggression without use of actual force110

2. Two exceptions111

3. Retreat in defendant s dwelling112

2. Only required where it can be safely done112

1. No retreat required before non-deadly force112

H. Retreat112

I. Effect of mistake113

J. Battered women and self-defense115

K. Resisting arrest118

L. Injury to third person119

M. Imperfect self-defense120

N. Burden of proof120

2. Degree of force121

1. Home of either party121

D. Retreat121

3. Belief in another person s right to use force121

A. Right to defend others in general121

1. Danger to other121

C. Requirements for defense121

B. Relation between defendant and aided person121

Ⅴ. DEFENSE OF OTHERS121

E. Mistake as to who is aggressor122

3. Subsequent use of deadly force123

2. Limited to reasonable degree123

B. Deadly force not generally allowed123

1. Defense of dwelling123

A. Right to defend property generally123

Ⅵ. DEFENSE OF PROPERTY123

1. Non-deadly force123

C. Use of mechanical devices124

D. Recapture of chattel and of re-entry on land125

Ⅶ. PREVENTION OF ESCAPE CRIME125

A. Law Enforcement privilege generally125

1. Summary of arrest rules126

2. Arrest resisted126

B. Arrest126

1. Use of force126

3. Suspect fleeing127

4. Arrest by private citizen129

C. Prevention of escape129

D. Crime prevention129

1. Reasonable non-deadly force129

A. Right to maintain authority generally130

B. Parents of minor130

2. Deadly force130

Ⅷ. MAINTAINING AUTHORITY130

C. School teacher131

Ⅸ. CONSENT131

A. Effect of consent by victim131

B. Incapacity to consent132

1. Deception132

C. Contributory negligence of victim132

D. Guilt of victim132

E. Condonation and compromise132

A. Entrapment generally133

Ⅹ. ENTRAPMENT133

B. Evidence134

1. Danger of prejudice134

C. Distinguish from missing element cases134

Quiz Yourself on JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE (ENTIRE CHAPTER)135

Exam Tips on JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE141

Chapter 5 ATTEMPT146

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION146

A. Concept of attempt generally146

1. Specific crime in question148

2. Knowledge of likely consequences148

Ⅱ. MENTAL STATE148

A. Intent usually required148

3. Crimes defined by recklessness, negligence or strict liability149

4. Proving intent by circumstantial evidence149

5. Intent as to surrounding circumstances149

Ⅲ. THE ACT—ATTEMPT VS. MERE PREPARATION150

A. Attempt distinguished from mere preparation150

B. The proximity approach150

C. The equivocality test153

D. Model Penal Code s substantial step test154

B. Factual impossibility157

1. Not accepted as defense157

Ⅳ. IMPOSSIBILITY157

A. Nature of impossibility defense157

C. True legal impossibility158

D. Mistake of fact governing legal relationship158

E. Inherent impossibility (inaptness and superstition)161

Ⅴ. RENUNCIATION162

A. Renunciation of criminal purpose162

B. Modern view accepts defense163

C. Voluntariness requirement164

B. Attempt to commit attempt-like crimes165

Ⅵ. ATTEMPT-LIKE CRIMES165

A. Inchoate crimes generally165

1. Assault166

2. Burglary166

C. Constitutional objections to attempt-like crimes166

Ⅶ. MECHANICS OF TRIAL; PUNISHMENT166

A. Relation between charge and conviction166

1. Substantive crime charged, attempt proved167

2. Attempt charged, completed crime proved167

B. Penalties167

Quiz Yourself on ATTEMPT (ENTIRE CHAPTER)167

Exam Tips on ATTEMPT171

Chapter 6 CONSPIRACY174

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION174

A. Definition of conspiracy174

B. Purposes of conspiracy law174

C. Procedural advantages175

1. Joint trial175

2. Admission of hearsay175

Ⅱ. THE AGREEMENT175

A. Meeting of the minds not required175

B. Aiding and abetting176

2. Proof by circumstantial evidence176

1. Implied agreement176

C. Parties do net agree to commit object crime177

D. Feigned agreement177

1. Traditional view that there is no conspiracy177

2. Modern view allows conspiracy finding177

E. Knowledge of the identity of other conspirator178

Ⅲ. MENS REA178

A. The intent requirement generally178

B. Intent to commit object crime178

3. Strict-liability crimes179

4. Attendant circumstances179

1. Must have intent to achieve objective179

2. Crime of recklessness or negligence179

C. Supplying of goods and services180

1. Mere knowledge usually insufficient180

D. Differing mental states181

Ⅳ. THE CONSPIRATORIAL OBJECTIVE182

A. Non-criminal objectives182

4. Act of one attributable to all183

3. Kind of act required183

1. Rationale183

2. Model Penal Code limits requirement183

B. Overt act requirement183

C. Impossibility184

D. Substantive liability for crimes of other conspirators184

1. Pinkerton case imposes liability184

2. Modern view limits Pinkerton185

Ⅴ. SCOPE: MULTIPLE PARTIES185

A. Parties not in contact with each other185

1. Community of interest test186

B. Wheel conspiracies186

C. Chain conspiracies187

1. Community of interest test187

D. Organized crime187

E. Party who comes late or leaves early188

1. Party who leaves early188

2. Party who joins late188

Ⅵ. DURATION OF THE CONSPIRACY188

A. Significance of issue188

2. Withdrawal by individual conspirator189

1. Abandonment by all189

B. Abandonment189

3. Crime completed190

Ⅶ. PLURALITY191

A. Significance of plurality requirement191

B. Wharton s Rule191

1. Degree of acceptance191

2. Rationale191

3. More persons than necessary191

5. Merely a presumption192

4. Only one participant punishable192

6. Model Penal Code rejects Rule193

C. Statutory purpose not to punish one party193

D. Spouses and corporations194

E. Inconsistent disposition194

1. Same trial194

2. Different trials194

3. One conspirator not brought to justice195

Ⅷ. PUNISHMENT195

A. Typical penalty schemes195

B. Cumulative sentencing195

Quiz Yourself on CONSPIRACY (ENTIRE CHAPTER)196

Exam Tips on CONSPIRACY201

Chapter 7 ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY AND SOLICITATION205

Ⅰ. PARTIES TO CRIME205

A. Various parties205

1. Principal in first degree205

2. Principal in second degree205

3. Accessory before the fact205

A. Aiding and abetting206

2. Mere presence not sufficient206

1. Words may be enough206

Ⅱ. ACCOMPLICES—THE ACT REQUIREMENT206

B. Procedural effects of classification206

4. Accessory after the fact206

3. Failure to intervene207

B. Aid not crucial207

1. Not a defense207

2. Attempted aid208

3. Attempts to aid where no crime occurs208

C. Conspiracy as meeting the act requirement208

2. Knowledge not usually enough209

1. Must have purpose to further crime209

3. Mens rea of underlying crime209

Ⅲ. ACCOMPLICES—MENTAL STATE209

A. General confusion209

B. Intentional aid209

C. Knowledge, but not intent, as to criminal result210

D. Assistance with crime of recklessness or negligence211

1. Lending car to drunk driver211

E. Strict liability212

Ⅳ. ACCOMPLICES—ADDITIONAL CRIMES BY PRINCIPAL212

A. Results that are natural and probable but not intended212

2. Trial court s duty to identify target crime213

1. Majority rule213

3. Model Penal Code rejects extended liability214

4. Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter214

Ⅴ. GUILT OF THE PRINCIPAL216

A. Principal must generally be guilty216

1. Principal s conviction not necessary216

2. Inconsistent verdicts in same trial216

3. Collateral estoppel to aid accomplice216

B. Principal without required mental state217

A. Withdrawal as defense218

Ⅵ. WITHDRAWAL BY THE ACCOMPLICE218

1. Effect of aid must be undone219

2. Verbal withdrawal sometimes sufficient219

3. Warning to authorities219

4. Not required that crime be thwarted219

5. Withdrawal motivated by fear of detection219

Ⅵ. OTHER EXCEPTIONS TO ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY219

Ⅶ. VICTIMS AND OTHER EXCEPTIONS TO ACCOMPLICELIABILITY219

A. Defendant who could not be liable as principal219

2. Crime logically requiring second person220

1. Victims220

B. Exceptions for certain classes220

Ⅷ. POST-CRIME ASSISTANCE221

A. Accessory after the fact221

B. Elements of the offense221

1. Commission of a felony221

2. Knowledge of felony221

3. Knowledge of the felon s identity221

4. Failure to inform not sufficient221

C. Misprision of felony221

C. No corroboration required222

B. No overt act required222

D. Mental state222

D. Compounding crime222

Ⅸ. SOLICITATION222

A. Solicitation defined222

1. Renunciation223

3. Impossibility223

2. Crime requiring two parties223

H. Solicitation as an attempted crime223

G. Defenses223

F. Communication not received223

E. Solicitation of accomplice223

Quiz Yourself on ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY AND SOLICATION (ENTIRE CHAPTER)224

Exam Tips on ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY AND SOLICITATION227

Chapter 8 HOMICIDE, AND OTHER CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON230

Ⅰ. HOMICIDE—INTRODUCTION230

A. Different grades of homicide230

Ⅱ. MURDER230

A. Taking of life230

1. When life begins231

2. Corpus delicti232

1. Actus reus232

2. When life ends232

B. Elements of murder232

3. Mens rea233

4. Proximate cause233

C. Intent-to-kill murder233

1. Substantial certainty of death233

2. Ill will not needed234

3. Intent proved by circumstantial evidence234

4. Voluntary manslaughter234

5. Degrees of intent-to-kill murder234

D. Intent to do serious bodily injury234

1. Knowledge that injury is highly likely235

2. Standard is generally subjective235

3. What constitutes serious bodily injury235

4. Model Penal Code rejects235

E. Reckless indifference to value of human life ( depraved heart )235

B. Dangerous vs. non-dangerous felonies237

Ⅲ.FELONY-MURDER237

A. Felony-murder generally237

C. Causal relationship238

1. Illustration238

2. Natural and probable consequences239

3. Arson cases239

4. Robberies and gunfights239

D. Accomplice liability of co-felons241

2. Escape as part of felony242

1. Mere coincidence not enough242

E. In the commission of a felony242

3. Killing followed by a felony243

F. Felony is includible in homicide243

1. Manslaughter243

2. Batteries and assaults243

3. Burglary with intent to assault244

4. Armed robbery244

G. Future of the felony-murder rule244

A. Degrees of murder246

B. Death Penalty246

Ⅳ. DEGREES OF MURDER246

C. First-degree murder248

1. Time required for premeditation248

2. Elements which must be shown249

3. Intoxication as negating deliberation249

4. Criticism of distinction249

C. Requirements for voluntary manslaughter250

B. Voluntary manslaughter based on heat of passion250

A. Manslaughter generally250

Ⅴ. MANSLAUGHTER—VOLUNTARY250

D. Second-degree murder250

6. Felony-murder250

5. Lying in wait, torture and poison250

D. Reasonable provocation251

1. Characteristics of the reasonable person251

E. Actual provocation254

F. Reasonable cooling off period254

G. Actual cooling off254

3. Imperfect crime-prevention255

2. Imperfect defense of others255

1. Imperfect self-defense255

I. Other kinds of voluntary manslaughter255

H. Killing of one other than provoker255

4. Imperfect coercion or necessity256

5. Other killings256

Ⅵ. MANSLAUGHTER—INVOLUNTARY257

A. Involuntary manslaughter based on criminal negligence257

1. Vehicular homicide259

B. Unlawful-act manslaughter ( misdemeanor-manslanghter )259

1. What constitutes unlawful act259

2. Proximate cause260

3. Criticism of doctrine261

Quiz Yourself on HOMICIDE (ALL FORMS)261

Ⅶ. ASSAULT, BATTERY AND MAYHEM266

A. Battery266

B. Assault267

C. Mayhem268

Ⅷ. RAPE268

A. Definition of rape268

1. Intercourse268

4. Force269

2. The spousal exemption269

3. Without consent269

5. Corroboration271

B. Statutory rape271

Ⅸ. KIDNAPPING272

A. Definition of kidnapping272

1. Asportation272

Quiz Yourself on NON-HOMICIDE CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON272

Exam Tips on HOMICIDE AND OTHER CRIMES274

A. Larceny was judge-made crime283

Ⅰ. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW283

Chapter 9 THEFT CRIMES283

Ⅱ. LARCENY284

A. Definition284

B. Trespassory taking284

1. Trapped by owner285

2. Taking by employee286

3. Transaction in owner s presence286

4. Bailee who breaks bulk287

5. Finders of lost or mislaid property287

6. Larceny by trick288

C. Carrying away ( asportation )289

D. Personal property of another289

1. Tangible personal property289

2. Modem expansion289

E. Property of another290

F. Intent to steal291

1. Intent to permanently deprive owner291

2. Intent to return equivalent property291

3. Claim of right292

4. Concurrence of taking and intent; mistake293

G. Degrees of larceny294

Ⅲ. EMBEZZLEMENT294

A. Definition294

B. Need for embezzlement crime294

C. Conversion295

D. Property of another295

1. Kind of property which may be embezzled295

2. Property of another295

2. Employees297

1. Limited to certain classes of persons297

E. By one in lawful possession297

3. Finders298

F. Fraudulent taking298

1. Claim of right298

2. Collection of debt298

3. Intent to repay299

Ⅳ. FALSE PRETENSES299

C. False representation of present or past fact300

1. Non-disclosure and concealment300

2. False promises not sufficient301

D. Reliance301

1. Representation must be material301

E. Passing of title302

1. The victim has only possession302

2. Sale as opposed to loan or lease302

3. Purchase of goods on conditional sale302

4. Handing over of money302

2. Reasonable belief in troth of representation303

1. Practical significance303

G. Defendant s mental state303

2. Joint ownership303

F. Property of another303

1. Property that qualifies303

3. Intent to defraud304

H. Defenses304

1. Gullibility of victim304

2. No pecuniary loss304

I. Crimes related to false pretenses304

1. Bad checks304

2. Mail fraud304

3. Forgery305

4. Confidence games305

Ⅴ. CONSOLIDATION OF THEFT CRIMES305

Ⅵ. RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY306

A. Need for punishing receipt306

B. Elements of offense306

B. Breaking307

A. Common-law burglary307

C. Entry307

Ⅶ. BURGLARY307

D. Dwelling of another308

E. Nighttime308

F. Intent to commit a felony308

Ⅷ. ROBBERY308

A. Definition of robbery308

1. Violence309

D. Aggravated robbery309

3. Taking must concur with violence or intimidation309

2. Intimidation309

C. Use of violence or intimidation309

B. From the person or presence of owner309

Ⅸ. BLACKMAIL AND EXTORTION310

A. Nature of offense310

B. Nature of threat310

C. Attempt to recover property310

Quiz Yourself on THEFT CRIMES (ENTIRE CHAPTER)310

Exam Tips on THEFT CRIMES315

ESSAY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS322

MULTISTATE-STYLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS331

TABLES AND INDEXES347

A. Definition399