Biofuels and bioenergy processes and technologies2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1. Introduction to Biofuels and Bioenergy1

1.1 Definition1

1.2 Global Energy Outlook2

1.3 Sustainability8

1.4 Biomass Feedstocks9

1.5 Processes and Technologies12

1.5.1 Feedstock Preparation and Pretreatments12

1.5.2 Chemical and Biochemical Reactions13

1.5.3 Heat Transfer Enhancement and Management13

1.5.4 Downstream Processing of Raw or Intermediate Biofuel Products13

1.5.5 Energy Integration and Energy Efficiency Enhancement14

1.5.6 Product Purification and Separation14

1.6 Environment and Ecology14

References15

2. Crop Oils， Biodiesel， and Algae Fuels17

2.1 Vegetable Oils17

2.1.1 Background17

2.1.2 Production and Use of Vegetable Oils19

2.1.3 Extraction of Vegetable Oils19

2.1.4 Composition of Vegetable Oils20

2.1.5 Use of Vegetable Oil as Alternative Diesel Fuel21

2.1.6 Use of Vegetable Oil in Direct Heating24

2.1.7 Use of Vegetable Oil for Combined Heat and Power （CHP）26

2.1.8 Use of Vegetable Oil for Biodiesel Manufacture26

2.2 Algae Oil Extraction of Straight Vegetable Oil27

2.2.1 Introduction27

2.2.2 Microalgae and Growth28

2.2.3 Algae Harvesting28

2.2.3.1 Microscreening Harvesting of Algae29

2.2.3.2 Algae Harvesting by Flocculation31

2.2.3.3 Algae Harvesting by Centrifugation31

2.2.4 Algae Oil Extraction32

2.2.4.1 Expeller Pressing Extraction of Algae Oil33

2.2.4.2 Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction34

2.2.4.3 Single-Step Extraction Process by OriginOil， Inc34

2.2.4.4 Solvent Extraction of Algae Oil36

2.2.4.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Algae Oil37

2.2.4.6 Enzymatic Extraction39

2.2.5 By-Product Utilization40

2.3 Manufacture of Biodiesel40

2.3.1 Historical Background of Biodiesel Manufacture41

2.3.2 Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Manufacture42

2.3.3 Properties of Biodiesel44

2.3.3.1 Cetane Rating （CR）44

2.3.3.2 Calorific Value （CV） or Heating Value （HV）45

2.3.3.3 General Physical Properties of Biodiesel46

2.3.3.4 Cold Flow Properties46

2.3.3.5 Material Compatibility with Biodiesel47

2.3.4 Prospects and Economics47

References48

3.Ethanol from Corn53

3.1 Fuel Ethanol from Corn53

3.2 Corn Ethanol as Oxygenated Fuel59

3.2.1 Industrial Significance of Grain Ethanol59

3.2.2 Clean Air Act Amendments of 199060

3.2.3 Energy Independence and Security Act （EISA） of 200761

3.2.4 Net Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol Production62

3.2.5 Food versus Fuel63

3.2.6 Corn Ethanol Production Technologies64

3.2.6.1 Dry Mill Process versus Wet Mill Process64

3.2.6.2 Ethanol Plant Energy Generation and Supply64

3.2.6.3 Ethanol Fermentation and Feedstock65

3.2.6.4 Starch Hydrolysis66

3.2.6.5 Yeast Fermentation66

3.2.6.6 Ethanol Purification and Product Separation67

3.2.6.7 By-Products and Coproducts68

3.2.6.8 Potential Environmental Issues of Liquid Effluents68

3.3 Chemistry of Ethanol Fermentation69

3.3.1 Sugar Content of Biological Materials69

3.3.2 Conversion of Sugars to Ethanol70

3.4 Corn-to-Ethanol Process Technology72

3.4.1 Wet Milling Corn Ethanol Technology72

3.4.2 Dry Milling Corn Ethanol Process76

3.4.3 Industrial Cleaning of Ethanol Plant80

3.5 By-Products/Coproducts of Corn Ethanol81

3.6 Ethanol as Oxygenated and Renewable Fuel82

3.7 Ethanol Vehicles85

3.8 Other Uses of Ethanol87

References89

4.Ethanol from Lignocellulose93

4.1 Lignocellulose and Its Utilization93

4.1.1 Lignocellulose93

4.1.2 Cellulose Degradation， Conversion， and Utilization96

4.2 Lignocellulose Conversion98

4.2.1 Ethanol98

4.2.1.1 Ethanol as Chemical and Fuel98

4.2.1.2 Manufacture of Industrial Alcohol99

4.2.1.3 Fermentation Ethanol100

4.2.1.4 Fermentation of Sugars100

4.2.2 Sources for Fermentable Sugars103

4.2.2.1 Starches103

4.2.2.2 Cellulosic Materials103

4.3 Historical Perspective of Alcohol Fermentation Technology104

4.4 Agricultural Lignocellulosic Feedstock107

4.5 Cellulosic Ethanol Technology110

4.5.1 Acid or Chemical Hydrolysis110

4.5.1.1 Process Description111

4.5.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis113

4.5.2.1 Enzyme System113

4.5.3 Enzymatic Processes115

4.5.3.1 Pretreatment116

4.5.3.2 Enzyme Production and Inhibition122

4.5.3.3 Cellulose Hydrolysis123

4.5.3.4 Fermentation127

4.5.3.5 Xylose Fermentation130

4.5.3.6 Ethanol Extraction during Fermentation132

4.5.4 Lignin Conversion133

4.5.5 Coproducts of Cellulosic Ethanol Technology136

4.6 Energy Balance for Ethanol Production from Biomass136

4.7 Process Economics and Strategic Direction139

References140

5.Fast Pyrolysis and Gasification of Biomass147

5.1 Biomass and Its Utilization147

5.1.1 Definition of the Term Biomass147

5.1.2 Renewability and Sustainability of Biomass Feedstock148

5.1.3 Woody Biomass and Its Utilization149

5.1.4 Thermal and Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass150

5.2 Analysis and Composition of Biomass151

5.2.1 Similarities and Differences between Biomass and Coal as Feedstock151

5.2.2 Analysis of Biomass155

5.2.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass156

5.2.4 Analysis of Biomass Feedstock and Product Compositions158

5.3 Chemistry of Biomass Gasification160

5.3.1 Chemical Reactions Taking Place during Biomass Gasification161

5.3.1.1 Pyrolysis or Thermal Decomposition164

5.3.1.2 Partial Oxidation166

5.3.1.3 Steam Gasification167

5.3.1.4 Boudouard Reaction or Carbon Dioxide Gasification Reaction169

5.3.1.5 Hydrogasification170

5.3.1.6 Water Gas Shift Reaction171

5.3.2 Biosyngas172

5.3.3 Tar Formation173

5.4 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass175

5.5 Biomass Gasification Processes186

5.6 Utilization of Biomass Synthesis Gas196

References198

6.Conversion of Waste to Biofuels， Bioproducts， and Bioenergy205

6.1 Introduction205

6.2 Types of Waste and Their Distributions206

6.3 Strategies for Waste Management208

6.4 Waste Preparation and Pretreatment for Conversion210

6.5 Technologies for Conversion of Waste to Energy and Products211

6.5.1 Combustion/Incineration213

6.5.1.1 Grate Incinerators216

6.5.1.2 Rotary Kilns216

6.5.1.3 Fluidized Beds216

6.5.2 Gasification217

6.5.3 Pyrolysis220

6.5.4 Plasma Technology221

6.5.4.1 Plasma Pyrolysis223

6.5.4.2 Plasma Gasification and Vitrification223

6.5.5 Liquefaction226

6.5.5.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction228

6.5.6 Supercritical Technology230

6.5.6.1 Supercritical Water Gasification231

6.5.6.2 Supercritical Extraction234

6.5.7 Transesterification234

6.5.8 Anaerobic Digestion236

6.5.9 Fermentation238

6.5.10 Products Upgrading Technologies241

6.6 Economic and Environmental Issues Related to Waste Conversion241

6.7 Future of the Waste Industry242

References243

7.Mixed Feedstock251

7.1 Introduction251

7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mixed Feedstock255

7.3 Transportation， Storage， and Pretreatment258

7.3.1 Pretreatment258

7.3.1.1 Torrefaction260

7.4 Gasification Technologies265

7.4.1 Literature Studies265

7.4.2 Reactor Technology267

7.4.2.1 Combustion267

7.4.2.2 Gasification269

7.4.2.3 Plasma Gasifier272

7.4.3 Handling of Product Streams273

7.4.3.1 Syngas Treatment273

7.4.3.2 Solids Handling275

7.4.4 Process Configurations for Gasification Technologies276

7.4.4.1 Combustion276

7.4.4.2 Gasification and Pyrolysis277

7.4.4.3 Plasma Technology279

7.4.5 Industrial Processes279

7.4.5.1 Nuon Power Buggenum BV-Willem-Alexander Centrale （WAC）——250 MWe IGCC Plant280

7.4.5.2 250 MWe IGCC Plant of Tampa Electric’s Polk Power Station280

7.4.5.3 WPC Plasma Process283

7.5 Liquefaction Technologies284

7.5.1 Direct Liquefaction285

7.5.1.1 Hydroliquefaction286

7.5.2 Pyrolysis286

7.5.3 Supercritical Extraction287

7.6 Summary288

7.7 Future of Mixed Feedstock291

References292

Index303