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PREFACE1

Chapter I． Introduction1

Sec．1

1． The Privileges or Immunities Clause1

2． The Application of the Bill of Rights to the States3

Chapter II． Substantive Due Process7

3． The Constitutionalization of "Natural Rights"7

From Lochner to Ferguson7

Defects of Lochner10

4． "Alternatives"to Substantive Due Process11

The Penumbra of the Bill of Rights11

The Ninth Amendment13

5． The New Substantive Due Process15

Roe v． Wade15

The Distinction Between Personal and Economic Freedoms17

The Standard of Review in Lochner and Roe19

6． Scope of the New Due Process20

Consensual Homosexuality22

6． Scope of the New Due Process Continued The"Right to Die"26

7． Post-Roe Restrictions on Abortion29

Consent29

Public Funding30

Informational Requirements33

Webster and Casey34

Chapter III． Procedural Dur Process:The Right to Be Heard40

8． Introduction40

9． When Due Process Applies41

10． The Seizure of Property46

11． Protection of Liberty51

12． Public Employment54

13． What Process is Dur?57

14． Irrebuttable Presumptions60

Chapter IV． Equal Protection:Suspect Classifications64

15． Introduction64

16． Discrimination Against Racial Minorities65

17． The Separate-But-Equal Doctrine70

18． Brown and Its Progeny72

19． Implementing Brown75

The First Fifteen Years of Deliberate Speed75

"Evasive Schemes77

20． Swann v． Board of Education78

The Ambiguities of Swann80

Swann's Impact on Northern Schools83

20． Swann v． Board of Education Continued Congressional Reaction to Swann87

State Legislation Against Busing87

21． Non-Areawide Segregation89

Partial Segregation of a Single District90

Partial Segregation of a Multi-District Area90

22． De Facto Segregation93

23． Preferential Treatment of Racial Minorities96

Early Decisions96

From Bakke to Adarand102

General Policy Considerations110

24． Sex Discrimination113

The Standard of Review113

Compensatory Treatment122

Family Rights127

The Equal Rights Amendment and Unique Physical Characteristics129

25． Differential Treatment of Indians131

26． Wealth and Age Classifications132

27． Discrimination Against Aliens134

28． Illegitimacy138

Chapter V． Equal Protection:The Focus on Specific Interests145

29． Introduction145

30． Voting146

Developing the Standard of Review146

Property Qualifications148

Durational Residence Requirements149

Disqualification for Alleged Crimes150

30． Voting Continued150

Ballot Access and Party Affiliation150

Campaign Financing153

31． The Right to Travel154

32． Access to Criminal and Civil Justice159

Criminal Appeals159

Civil Justice162

33． Defining"Fundamental"Interests164

34． The Requirement of Rationality171

The Traditional Standard171

Variations on the Traditional Rule172

The"Newer Equal Protection175

35． Reapportionment177

The Rule of Reynolds v． Sims177

Applicability of the Equal-Vote Principle178

Permissible Departures From Mathematical Equality179

Gerrymandering181

Chapter VI． State Action184

36． Introduction184

37． The Performance of"Public Functions"186

The White Primary Cases186

Access to Private Property187

The Rationale and Vitality of Public Function Analysis190

38． Judicial Enforcement of Private Discrimination194

39． Significant State Involvement198

The Burton Case198

Encouraging or Aiding Private Action199

Regulation and Licensing206

The Elasticity of the Involvement Concept209

39． Significant State Involvement Continued211

Chapter VII． Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights211

40． Introduction211

41． Congressional Implementation of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights212

42． Congressional Modification of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights216

43． Congressional Power Over Private Discrimination221

44． Civil Rights Legislation in the Post-Brown Era226

45． Regulation Discrimination in Employment229

Purposeful Discrimination229

Proof,Remedies and Procedures235

Discriminatory Impact240

46． The Reconstruction Statutes244

Chapter VIII． Actions Under 42 U.S.C.A. 1983252

47． Personal Liability252

The Monroe Case252

Official Immunities254

Federal Officials256

Sifting Out Insubstantial Claims257

48． Municipal Liability258

49． Protected Interests262

50． The Relationship Between State Law and 1983264

"Deficiencies"in Federal Law264

Hbeas Corpus and Res Judicata266