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INTRODUCTION1

CHAPTER 1:MOTION OF ELECTRONS AND IONS IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS6

Introduction6

1．1．Motion in an electrostatic field6

1．2．Motion in a magnetostatic field7

1．2．1．Motion of charged particles in a toroidal magnetic field12

1．2．2．Motion of charged particles in the field of a magnetic lens14

1．2．3．Motion of charged particles in a helical magnetic field20

1．3．Motion of charged particles in crossed electric and magnetic fields21

1．3．1．Superimposed toroidal magnetic field and betatron magnetic field24

1．3．2．Electric vortex field and magnetic lens field30

1．4．The movement of a charged particle in the field of an electromagnetic wave32

1．5．Motion in crossed r．f．electric field and a magnetostatic field34

1．6．Radiation from accelerated charges38

1．6．1．The bremsstrahlung40

1．6．2．Cyclotron(betatron,synchrotron)radiation43

1．6．3．Cerenkov radiation46

List of symbols used in chapter 153

CHAPTER 2:FLUID DESCRIPTION OF PLASMA54

Introduction54

2．1．Stationary distributions58

2．2．The Boltzmann equation59

2．2．1．Non-relativistic ensemble61

2．2．2．Relativistic ensemble65

2．3．Integrals of Boltzmann equations over the velocity space66

2．3．1．Non-relativistic case66

2．3．2．Relativistic case71

2．4．Fluid equations73

References77

List of symbols used in chapter 277

CHAPTER 3:EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS78

Introduction78

3．1．Confinement by magnetic fields generated by currents in the plasma80

3．1．1．Non-relativistic streams80

3．1．2．Relativistic streams85

3．2．Plasma in an external magnetic field89

3．3．Plasma equilibrium in external and self-fields96

3．4．Force-free magnetic fields98

References100

List of symbols used in chapter 3100

CHAPTER 4:WAVES AND INSTABILITIES IN PLASMA101

Introduction101

4．1．Electron oscillations in plasma102

4．1．1．The longitudinal oscillations105

4．1．2．The transversal oscillations106

4．1．3．Hybrid transversal and longitudinal waves108

4．1．4．Effect of random velocities on the dispersion relations(Landau damping)111

4．1．5．Reflection of electromagnetic waves by plasma112

4．1．6．Electron waves on a plasma cylinder114

4．2．Positive ion oscillations118

4．2．1．Electrostatic ion oscillations119

4．2．2．Hydromagnetic oscillations in a stationary plasma—infinite plasma—waves on a plasma cylinder122

4．2．3．Hydromagnetic oscillations in plasma streams128

4．3．Growing waves and instabilities131

4．3．1．Conversion of kinetic energy of particle streams into the energy of longitudinal plasma oscillations133

4．3．2．Conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy of plasma—Energy principle for hydromagnetic instabilities137

4．3．3．Hydrodynamic instability141

References146

List of symbols used in chapter 4147

CHAPTER 5:SHOCK WAVES IN PLASMA148

Introduction148

5．1．Shock waves in a magnetic field-free plasma150

5．2．Shocks in a gyrotropic plasma152

5．3．Shocks in vacuum153

5．4．Plasmoids157

References160

List of symbols used in chapter 5160

CHAPTER 6:COLLISION AND RELAXATION PROCESSES161

Introduction161

6．1．Dynamics of a collision of two charged particles161

6．2．Fokker-Planck equation165

6．2．1．Conduction of electricity in plasma—Conduction of electricity in a gyrotropic plasma170

6．3．Diffusion in configuration space177

6．3．1．Flux of particles179

6．3．2．Conduction of heat and electricity182

6．3．3．Diffusion of momentum．Viscosity184

References186

List of symbols used in chapter 6186

CHAPTER 7:RESEARCH ON CONTROLLED FUSION189

Introduction189

7．1．Sources of nuclear energy189

7．1．1．Elementary nuclear concepts189

7．1．2．Binding energy191

7．1．3．Nuclear fusion195

7．1．4．Fission and fusion reactions as sources of energy200

7．1．5．Uncontrolled fusion reactions201

7．1．6．Controlled fusion reactions202

7．2．Confinement210

7．2．1．External fields-Toroidal confinement，mirror confinement,radiofrequency confinement211

7．2．2．Self-field confinement220

7．2．3．Confinement by the magnetic field of a relativistic electron stream225

7．3．Heating and energy balance226

7．3．1．Dynamic pinch227

7．3．2．Joule＇s heating228

7．3．3．Losses229

7．4．Approaches to the problem of controlled fusion232

References234

List of symbols used in chapter 7234

CHAPTER 8:OTHER APPLICATIONS236

8．1．Generation of h．f．electromagnetic waves236

8．2．Direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy240

8．3．Applications to particle accelerators246

8．3．1．Injection into betatrons247

8．3．2．Guiding fields in circular accelerators249

8．3．3．Acceleration mechanisms253

8．4．Rocket propulsion257

8．5．Energy storage260

References262

List of symbols used in chapter 8263

LITERATURE264

Books264

Publications in scientific journals related to the individual chapters264

NAME AND SUBJECT INDEX275