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Part One 第一部分1

1．Basic Sentence Patterns 基本句型1

Pattern 1:S V Cs 主语 谓语动词 主语补语Pattern 2:S V 主语 谓语动词Pattern 3:S V O 主语 谓语动词 宾语Pattern 4:S V Oi Od 主语 谓语动词 问接宾语直接宾语Pattern 5:S V Od Co 主语 谓语动词 直接宾语宾语补语Exercise 练习1

Contents 目录1

2．Subject 主语表示法3

2.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词3

2.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词3

2.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词3

2.5 -ing form -ing 形式4

2.6 Noun clause 名词从句4

2.1 Noun or pronoun 名词或代词4

2.4 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语4

2.2 Numeral 数词4

Exercise 练习5

3．Predicate Verb 谓语动词表示法5

主语补语／表语表示法6

4．Subject Complement(or Predicative）6

Exercise 练习6

3.2 Intransitive verb 不及物动词6

3.1 Transitive verb 及物动词6

3.3 Link verb 连系动词6

4.5 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语7

4.8 Noun clause 名词从句7

4.6 -ing form -ing 形式7

4.7 -ed participle -ed 分词7

4.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语7

4.3 Adverb 副词7

4.2 Adjective 形容词7

4.1 Noun or pronoun 名词或代词7

Exercise 练习8

5． Object 宾语表示法8

5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词8

5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词8

5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词8

5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词8

5.7.1 Verbs with indirect object 动词带间接宾语9

5.7.2 Position of direct and indirect object9

5.7 Direct and indirect object 直接与间接宾语9

Pattern: S V Oi Od 主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语or: S V Od to(for,of）Oi或：主语 动词直接宾语to(for,of）间接宾语Exercise 练习9

5.2 Numeral 数词9

5.6 Noun clause 名词从句9

5.5 -ing form -ing 形式9

5.4 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语9

5.1 Noun or pronoun 名词或代词9

直接与间接宾语的位置10

6．Object Complement 宾语补语表示法10

6.1 Noun 名词11

6.2 Adjective 形容词11

6.3 Adverb 副词11

6.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语12

6.5 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语12

6.6 -ing form -ing 形式12

6.7 -ed participle -ed 分词12

1.1 Countable and uncountable 可数与不可数名词15

1.1 Countable and uncountable 可数与不可数名词15

1.1 Countable and uncountable 可数与不可数名词15

1．Noun 名词15

Part Two 第二部分15

Exercise 2 练习二15

Exercise 1 练习一15

1.1.1 Countable 可数名词16

1.1.2 Uncountable 不可数名词16

1.1.3 Conversion of uncountable into couritable不可数变为可数名词16

Exercise 练习19

1.1.4 Collective noun 集体名词19

Exercise 练习20

1.2 Plural 名词复数20

1.2.1 Nouns ending in o,y,or f(e)20

以o,y或f(e)为结尾的名词20

1.2.2 Words of Greek or Latin origin21

来源于希腊语或拉丁语的词21

1.2.3 Compound nouns 复合名词22

1.3 Unit noun 单位名词23

Exercise 练习23

Exercise 练习24

1.4 Genitive 属格24

1.4.1 Two forms of genitive 两种属格25

1.4.1.1 -s genitive -s 属格25

1.4.1.2 of-genitive of- 属格25

1.4.2 Double genitive 双重属格25

Exercise 练习27

2．Pronoun 代词27

2.1 Personal pronoun 人称代词28

2.2 Possessive pronoun 物主代词29

2.3 Reflexive pronoun 反身代词29

2.4 Interrogative pronoun 疑问代词30

Exercise 练习31

2.5 Indefinite pronoun 不定代词31

Exercise 练习32

3.Determiner 限定词32

3.1.1 The indefinite article 不定冠词35

3.1 Definite,indefinite,zero articles35

定冠词，不定冠词，零冠词35

3.1.2 The definite article 定冠词37

3.1.3 Zero article 零冠词38

Exercise 练习40

3.2 Determiners: some,any,no40

限定词some,any,no40

Exercise 练习42

3.3 Determiners: another,other42

限定词another,other42

Exercise 练习43

3.4 Determiners: both,all,each,every,either,neither,etc.限定词：both,all,each,every,either,neither,等43

Exercise 练习47

4．Verb 动词47

4.1 Tense 时态47

4.1.1 Simple present and present progressive一般现在时和现在进行时47

4.1.2 SimPle past and past progressive49

一般过去时和过去进行时49

Exercise 练习49

Exercise 练习51

4.1.3 Simple past and present perfect51

一般过去时和现在完成时51

Exercise 练习53

4.1.4 Present perfect and present perfect progressive现在完成时和现在完成进行时53

Exercise 练习54

4.1.5 Simple past and past perfect54

一般过去时和过去完成时54

4.1.6.1 Methods of expressing the future56

将来时的表达方法56

Exercise 练习56

4.1.6 Future 将来时56

Exercise 练习59

4.1.6.2 Future progressive 将来进行时59

4.1.6.3 Future perfect 将来完成时60

4.1.6.4 Future in the past 过去将来时61

各种时态的被动语态63

4.2.1 Passive voice in different tenses63

4.2 Passive voice 被动语态63

Exercise 练习63

Exercise 练习65

4.2.2 Passive forms of verb phrases65

短语动词的被动语态65

Exercise 1 练习一67

Exercise 2 练习二67

4.2.3 Get-passive 含Get的被动结构67

4.2.4 Certain passive verbs followed by theinfinitive cons truction某些动词的被动形式后加不定式结构69

Exe rcise 练习69

Exercise 1 练习一71

Exercise 2 练习二71

4.2.5 Od and Oi,Oc in passive sentences71

含有直接宾语、间接宾语或宾语补语的句子71

变成被动句71

4.2.5.1 Conversion of sentences with Od and Oiinto passive 含有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子变成被动句71

4.2.5.2 Conversion of sentences with Oc into pas-sive 含有宾语补语的句子变成被动句72

4.3.1 If only,as if/as though74

4.3 The subjunctive mood 虚拟语气74

Exercise 练习74

4.3.2 Wish75

Exercise 练习76

4.3.3 In that-clause 在that从句中76

a）demand,insist, propose,request,etc.b）It+be+suggested/important…c）My suggestion/demand is…Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二76

4.3.4 In some fixed constructions78

a）demand,insist, propose,request,etc.b）It+be+suggested/important…c）My suggestion/demand is…Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二在某些惯用结构中78

4.4.1 May,might81

4.4.1.2 Might for request Might 表示请求81

4.4.1.1 May/might for permission and possibilityMay/might 表示允许、可能性81

b）would rather/sooner that…81

4.4 Modal verb 情态动词81

a）It is(high/about)time that…81

Exercise 练习83

4.4.2 Can,could83

4.4.2.1 Can/could for permission and possibilityCan/could 表示允许、可能性83

could/was(were)able 表示能力85

able.for ability Can/is(am,are)able,85

4.4.2.2 Can/is(am,are)able,could/was(were)85

Exercise 1 练习一88

Exercise 2 练习二88

4.4.2.3 Can t/couldn t for negative deductionCan t/couldn t 在否定句中表示不可能88

4.4.3 Must,must not89

4.4.4 Need,need not91

4.4.5 Ought to95

Exercise 3 练习三95

Exercise 2 练习二95

Exercise 1 练习一95

4.4.6 Will,would96

4.4.7 Dare98

Exercise 1 练习一102

Exercise 2 练习二102

Exercise 3 练习三102

Exercise 4 练习四102

4.4.8 Modal verbs with progressive,perfect andperfect progressive tenses 情态动词与进行时、完成时和完成进行时的动词连用102

5.1.1 After how,when,where,etc.108

5.1 Infinitive 动词不定式…………………………（108 ）108

5.1 Infinitive 动词不定式…………………………（108 ）How,when,where 等之后的不定式108

Exercise 1 练习一108

5．Verbal 非谓语动词108

Exercise 2 练习二108

Exercise 练习110

5.1.2 As object or object complement110

作宾语或宾语补语的不定式110

Exe rcise 练习111

5.1.3 Without to 不带 to 的不定式111

Exercise 练习113

5.1.4 Other uses of infinitive113

动词不定式的其他用法113

5.1.4.1 After only,too,enough and so…as only,too,enough 和 so…as 之后的不定式113

Exercise 练习115

5.1.4.2 After the first,the last,the only,etc.the first,the last,the only,等之后的不定式115

Exercise 练习117

5.1.4.3 After it is+adjective/noun117

it is＋形容词／名词＋不定式117

5.1.4.4 After it is+adjective+of you/him,etc.it is＋形容词＋of you/him＋不定式118

Exercise 练习119

5.1.4.5 After adjectives 形容词之后的不定式119

Exercise 练习121

5.1.5 Passive infinitive,perfect infinitive andprogressive infinitive动词不定式的被动式、完成式、进行式121

Exercise 练习123

5.2 -ing form 动词的-ing 形式123

5.2.1 -ing form after certain verbs123

某些动词后的-ing形式123

Exercise 练习125

5.2.2 Verbs followed by either-ing form or125

infinitive 某些动词后面可跟 -ing 形式125

或不定式125

Exercise 练习128

5.2.3 Possessives with -ing form128

物主代词＋-ing形式128

5.2.4 As pre-/post-modifier130

作前置或后置修饰语的-ing 形式130

Exercise 练习130

Exercise 练习131

5.2.5 As adverb clause equivalent131

相当于状语从句的-ing 形式131

Exercise 练习133

5.2.6 Dangling-ing form as adverb clause equiva-lent 相当于状语从句的无依着的-ing 形式133

Exercise 练习135

5.2.7 When/While+ -ing form as adverb clauseequivalent 相当于状语从句的 When/While+-ing 形式135

Having+ -ed participle Having+ -ed 分词Having been+-ed participle as adverb ornoun equivalent 相当于副词或名词的Having been+-ed 分词137

Exercise 练习137

5.2.8 Being+ -ed participle Being+ -ed 分词137

Exercise 1 练习一141

Exercise 2 练习二141

5.2.9 Noun+ -ing form as adverb clause equiv-alent 相当于状语从句的名词+-ing形式141

Exercise 练习143

5.3 -ed participle -ed 分词143

5.3.1 -ed participle as modifier in noun phrases-ed 分词在名词短语中作修饰语143

5.3.2 -ed participle as adverb clause equivalent相当于状语从句的-ed 分词145

Exercise 练习145

Exercise 练习147

5.3.3 Noun+ -ed participle as adverb clause equiv-alent 相当于状语从句的名词＋ -ed 分词147

Exercise 练习149

6．Phrasal Verb 短语动词149

6.1 Verb+preposition 动词＋介词149

Exercise 2 练习二157

6.2 Verb+adverb 动词＋副词157

Exercise 1 练习一157

come across,touch upon,etc.157

answer back,give in,etc.163

Exercise 1 练习一163

Exercise 2 练习二163

6.3 Verb+noun+adverb 动词＋名词＋副词163

bring sb up,put sth on,etc.169

Exercise 1 练习一169

Exercise 2 练习二169

6.4 Verb+adverb+preposition 动词＋副词＋介词beup to,run out of,etc169

7.1.1 Intervening phrases 主语带后置修饰语174

7.1 Subject and verb 主谓一致174

Exerci se 1 练习一174

7．Agreement 一致关系174

Exercise 2 练习二174

7.1.2 Pronouns as subjects 代词作主语175

a）each,either,neither,one,no one,176

everyone,etc.176

b）several,few,both,many,etc.176

c）some,none,all,most,etc176

Subjects joined by and,or,nor,either…or,neither…nor,etc. 由 and,or,either…or,neither…nor 等连接的主语178

7.1.3 Compound subjects 并列主语178

Exercise 练习178

7.1.4 Collective nouns as subjects 集体名词作主语crowd,family,team,orchestra,etc179

Exercise 练习181

7.1.5 Expressions stating amount,money,time,measurement,etc,as subjects 表示数量、货币、时间、尺寸等的词作主语181

7.1.6 Other problems in subject-verb agreement主谓一致的其他问题182

a）The title of a book or the name of acountry,ctc.b）measles,economics,etc.c）every +n,many a +n,a great many(+n),etc.d）one of those,one out of five,etc.e）the number of +n,a number of +n,etc.f）more than one +n．is/are,there are/ismo185

Exercise 练习187

7.2 Pronoun and antecedent 代词与先行词的一致187

8.1.1 Adjective+preposition 形容词＋介词189

8.1 Adjective 形容词189

Exercise 练习189

8．Adjective and Adverb 形容词与副词189

Exercise 练习190

8.1.2 Adjective used predicatively only 仅作表语用的形容词alike,alone,asleep,etc190

Exercise 练习192

8.1.3 -ing form as adjective 作形容词用的192

-ing 形式192

Exercise 练习193

8.1.4 -ed participle as adjective 作形容词用的-ed 分词193

Exercise 练习194

8.1.5 be+adjective+infinitive be＋形容词＋不定式be+adjective+that clause be＋形容词＋that从句194

Exercise 练习196

8.1.6 Position of adjective 形容词的位置196

Exercise 练习198

8.1.7 Adjective modifiers 形容词修饰语198

8.2.1 Adverbs with or without -ly 带 -ly 或不带-ly 的副词200

8.2 Adverb 副词200

Exercise 练习200

hard,hardly;most,mostly,etc.202

Exercise 练习202

8.2.2 Position of adverbs 副词的位置202

Exercise 练习204

8.2.3 Meaning and use of certainadverbs204

某些副词的意义和用法204

fairly,rather,hardly,barely,scarcely,etc.Exercise 练习204

8.2.4 Adverb modifiers 副词修饰语208

Exercise 练习209

9.Preposition 介词209

9.1 Meaning of certain prepositions209

某些介词的意义209

at,in;in,into;from,since;for,since;during,for;in,after;in,within;except,except for;off,away,etc.Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二209

9.2 Double preposition 双重介词216

Exercise 练习217

9.3 Prepositional phrase as adjective,adverb,orthat clause equivalent 相当于形容词、副词或定语从句、状语从句的介词短语217

9.4 Noun+preposition 名词＋介词219

Exercise 练习219

Exercise 练习222

9.5 Verb+noun+preposition 动词＋名词＋介词222

comparison with,influence on,etc.222

lay emphasis on,take advantage of,etc.223

9.6 Verb+noun+adverb+preposition223

动词＋名词＋副词＋介词223

Exercise 练习225

9.7 With+noun+infinitive With＋名词＋不定式225

put the shortage down to,etc.225

With+noun+-ing form227

With＋名词＋-ing 形式227

With+noun+-ed participle227

With＋名词＋-ed分词227

With+noun+prepositional phrase227

With＋名词＋介词短语227

With+noun+adjective With＋名词＋形容词With+noun+adverb With＋名词＋副词Exercise 练习10．Numeral 数词227

10.1 Fraction 分数227

10.2 Decimal 小数229

10.3 Percentage 百分数230

Exercise 练习230

10.4 Multiple 倍数231

a）n times+noun/pronoun n倍＋名词／代词b）n times+as+adjective/adverbn倍＋as＋形容词／副词c）n times+comparative+(than)n倍＋比较级＋(than)d）Verb+(by)n times 动词＋(by）n 倍Exercise 练习231

11．Noun Clause 名词从句233

11.1 Noun clause as subject,object and subjectcomplement 名词从句作主语、宾语和主语补语233

Exercise 2 练习二236

11.2 Omission of that that 的省略236

Exercise 1 练习一236

what,whatever,whoever,etc.236

Exercise 练习239

11.3 Noun clause as appositive239

名词从句作同位语239

Exercise 练习240

12．Direct and indirect Speech240

直接引语和间接引语240

12.1 Statement in indirect speech240

陈述句的间接引语240

疑问句的间接引语244

Exercise 练习244

12.2 Question in indirect speech244

Exercise 练习245

12.3 Command,request and advice in indirect speech命令、请求、劝告的间接引语245

Exercise 练习247

12.4 Exclamation in indirect speech247

感叹句的间接引语247

Exercise 练习249

12.5 Mixed types of sentences in indirect speech各类句子混杂使用时的间接引语249

13.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive251

限制性和非限制性的形容词从句251

Exercise 练习251

形容词从句／定语从句251

13．Adjective/Relative/Attributive Clause251

Exercise 练习252

13.2 that,which,who,whom,whose;when,252

where,why,etc252

that,which 的省略256

13.3 Omission of that,which256

Exercise 1 练习一256

Exercise 2 练习二256

Exercise 练习258

13.4 Adjective clause reduced to phrase258

形容词从句变成短语258

13.4.1 Infinitive 不定式短语代替形容词从句258

Exercise 练习259

13.4.2 -ing form -ing形式短语代替形容词从句259

13.4.3 -ed participle -ed分词短语代替形容词从句261

Exercise 练习261

Exercise 练习262

13.4.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语代替形容词从句262

Exercise 练习263

13.5 Preposition+which/whom//whose263

介词＋which/whom//whose263

13.5.1 Noun+preposition+which/whom 名词＋263

介词＋which/whom 等引导的形容词从句263

13.5.2 Pronoun+preposition+whom/which 代词＋介词＋whom/whom 等引导形容词从句264

13.6 With a whole main clause as antecedent以主句作先行词的形容词从句267

Exercise 1 练习一267

Exercise 2 练习二267

Exercise 练习268

14．Adverb/Adverbial Clause268

副词从句／状语从句268

14.1 Clauses of time and place 时间、地点从句268

time,ever since,no sooner…than,etc.d）where,wherever;whenever,etc.Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二268

a）when,while,as,etc.272

b）until,not until,etc.272

c）once,as soon as,the moment,every272

1 4.2 Clauses of cause,purpose,and result272

time,ever since,no sooner…than,etc.d）where,wherever;whenever,etc.Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二原因、目的、结果从句272

b）now that,seeing that,considering that,ete.c）so that,in order that,for fear that,etc.d）so/such…thatExercise 练习272

a）because,as,since,etc.274

14.3 Clauses of concession274

b）now that,seeing that,considering that,ete.c）so that,in order that,for fear that,etc.d）so/such…thatExercise 练习让步从句274

方式、比较从句276

14.4 Clauses of manner and comparison276

14.4.1 With as…as 含 as…as 的从句276

b）no matter how/what/which,etc.276

c）whereas,while,etc.276

a）even if,even though,etc.276

Exercise 练习276

Exercise 练习277

14.4.2 With than 含 than 的从句277

b）no more…than,not more…than,less than,etc.Exercise 练习277

c）not so/as…as277

b）almost/just/nearly as…as277

a）as,as if,as though,etc.277

15.4 Colon 冒号278

a）so much/a lot/more than279

14.4.3 The+comparative…,the+comparative279

b）no more…than,not more…than,less than,etc.Exercise 练习sentence pattern The＋比较级…the＋比较级… 句型279

Exercise 练习280

14.4.4 Idiomatic constructions 某些惯用结构…much of a,as much of a,less of a,etc280

15.1.2 Unreal condition 非真实条件句282

15.1.1 Real condition 真实条件句282

15.1 Two kinds of conditions 两种条件句282

15．Conditional Sentence 条件句282

Exercise 练习282

Exercise 1 练习一285

Exercise 2 练习二285

15.2 Mixed types 多种类型混杂使用的条件句285

15.3 Of mixed time 多种时态混杂使用的条件句286

Exercise 1 练习一289

Exercise 2 练习二289

15.4 Omissionof if if 的省略289

Exercise 练习291

15.5 It replaced by but for,provided that,291

supposing,without,etc.291

But for,provided that,supposing,without等代替 if291

and,both…and,not only…but(also）,as wellas,either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,not…but,for.Exercise 练习293

1.2 Coordinators 并列连接词293

1．Coo rdination 并列293

Part Three 第三部分293

1.1 Linking together single words,phrases,clausesand sentences 连接单词、短语、从句和句子293

Exercise 练习293

2．Clau se with Introductory It294

and,both…and,not only…but(also）,as wellas,either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,not…but,for.Exercise 练习带引导词 It 的从句294

2.1 Anticipatory it as subject or object 引导词it 作主语或宾语294

Exercise 练习295

2.2 It in cleft-sentence 在分裂句中的 it295

Exercise 练习298

3．There Be There Be 结构298

3.1 There be298

Exercise 练习300

3.2 There be+noun+adjective300

There be＋名词＋形容词300

4．As As 的用法303

Exercise 2 练习二303

Exercise 1 练习一303

4.1 used as conjunction 用作连接词303

4.1.1 of time 时间连接词303

4.1.2 of reason 原因连接词303

There be＋名词＋不定式303

There be＋名词＋形容词从句303

There be+noun+adjective clause303

There be+noun+infinitive303

There be＋名词＋ -ed 分词303

There be+noun+ -ed form303

There be＋名词＋ -ing形式303

There be+noun+ -ing form303

4.1.3 in comparison 比较连接词304

4.1.4 introducing clause of manner304

引导方式从句304

4.1.5 introducing clause of concession305

引导让步从句305

Exercise 1 练习一307

Exercise 2 练习二307

4.2 used as relative pronoun 用作关系代词307

4.4 used as adverb 用作副词308

4.3 used as preposition 用作介词308

Exercise 练习308

Exercise 练习308

Exercise 练习309

4.5 As-phrase 含 as 的短语309

Exercise 练习311

5．Negation 否定311

5.1 Prefix and suffix 前缀和后缀表示否定314

Exercise 练习315

5.2 Adverb 副词表示否定315

Exercise 练习318

5.3 Position of not not 的位置318

Exercise 练习319

5.4 Preposition 介词表示否定319

Exercise 练习320

5.5 Phrase 短语表示否定320

Exercise 练习321

5.6 Partial negation 部分否定321

6.3 -ing form and infinitive324

6.2 Adjective 形容词作插入语324

-ing 形式及不定式作插入语324

5.7 Double negation 双重否定324

6.1 Adverb 副词作插入语324

6． Parenthesis 插入语324

Exercise 练习324

Exercise 练习324

6.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语作插入语325

6.5 Clause 从句作插入语325

Exercise 1 练习一327

Exercise 2 练习二327

7．Inversion 倒装327

7.1 Sentences beginning with neither,nor,so,etc.以neither,nor,so等开头的句子327

7.2 Sentences beginning with negative adverbexpressions 以否定副词短语开头的句子327

7.3 Sentences beginning with adverbs of positionand direction 以表示位置、方向的副词开头的句子327

7.4 Sentences beginning with fronted predicative以表语开头的句子328

7.5 Sentences beginning with“only+adverb”,etc.以only+adverb 等开头的句子328

用单词或短语表示强调329

Exercise 练习329

8．Emphasis 强调329

8.1 By single words or phrases329

8.3 By inversion or repetition330

用倒装或重复表示强调330

8.2 By reflexive pronouns,auxiliary verb do oremphatic it 用反身代词、助动词do、强调意义的 it 来表示强调330

Exercise 练习331

9．Omission 省略331

9.1 Through coordination 并列句的省略331

Exercise 练习332

9.2 In clauses introduced by 由下列（连接语）引导的从句的省略332

a）when,while,once,where,if,unless,334

though,as,etc.334

b）whatever+noun,whether…or not,etc.334

Exercise 练习334

10．Separation 分隔334

10.1 Of adjective clause from its antecedent定语从句与它的先行词分隔334

10.2 Of-ing form or-ed participle from335

the noun it modifies -ing 形式或 -ed分词与所修饰的名词分隔335

10.3 Of appositive(clause)from its antecedent同位语（从句）与它的先行词分隔336

12.1 Transformation from simple sentences intocompound and compound sentences intosimple 简单句转换为并列句以及并列句转换为简单句337

10.4 Of prepositional phrase from adjective/noun介词短语与形容词／名词分隔337

11．Substitution 替代339

11.1 Nominal substitution 名词性替代339

one/ones,the same,that(of),those(of),etc.Exercise 练习339

Exercise 练习339

11.2 Verbal substitution 动词性替代342

do,does,etc.344

Exercise 练习344

11.3 Clausal substitution 从句的替代344

hope so,think so,if so,etc.347

12．Transformation of Sentences 句子转换347

Exercise 练习347

Exercise 1 练习一351

Exercise 2 练习二351

1 2.2 Transformation from simple sentences intocomplex and from complex sentences intosimple 简单句转换为复合句以及复合句转换为简单句351

12.3 Transformation from compound sentencesinto complex and from complex sentencesinto compound 并列句转换为复合句以及复合句转换为并列句355

Exercise 2 练习二355

Exercise 1 练习一355

Exercise 1 练习一360

Exercise 2 练习二360

13．Word Formation 构词法360

13.1 Roots 词根360

Exercise 练习361

13.2 Affixation；prefixation and suffixation词缀法：前缀与后缀361

Exercise 练习364

13.3 Conversion；noun-verb,adjective-verb364

转化：名词—动词；形容词—动词364

Exercise 练习365

13.4 Compounding: noun compounds,adjectivecompounds and verb compounds复合：复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词365

Exercise 1 练习一369

Exercise 2 练习二369

14．Abbreviation 缩略法369

14.1 Acronym 首字母缩略词369

14.2 Clipping 缩短词370

TV,radar,etc.370

phone,ad,etc.371

14.3 Blends 缩合词371

smog,motel,etc.372

Exercise 练习372

15．Punctuation 标点符号372

15.1 Full stop or Period 句号373

15.2 Comma 逗号373

15.3 Semicolon 分号377

15.5 Question mark 问号379

Exercise 1 练习一382

Exercise 2 练习二382

Appendixes 附录382

I．Key to exercises 练习答案382

Ⅱ．Bibliography 参考书目446

Ⅲ．Grammatical terms and new words447

语法术语和生词表447