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Ⅰ．THE CONFINES OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NEUROLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE1

References4

Ⅱ．NEUROPATHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY5

References16

Ⅲ．PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATION17

Pathogenesis17

Morphological Alterations24

References27

Ⅳ．DEGENERATION30

Major Causes30

A．Degenerative Alterations32

DEGENERATIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Degeneration of Nerve Fibers：SECONDARY-PRIMARY32

Degeneration of the Tissues of the Central Nervous System as a Whole：NECROSIS-MALACIA36

Degeneration and Alteration of the Nerve Cells42

Degeneration and Alteration of Neuroglia47

DEGENERATIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Systemic Causes49

Local Causes50

Degeneration of Nerve Fibers50

Degeneration of Tissues of Peripheral Nervous Systems as a Whole53

B．Degenerative Diseases53

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM53

1．Degenerative Disease，Cause Unknown or not Universally Agreed Upon，and Degenerative Histopathological States Resulting from a Variety of Factors54

Multiple Sclerosis54

Acute Multiple Sclerosis57

Optic Neuritis；Retrobulbar Neuritis；Neuro-Optic Myelitis58

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis59

Acute Leuco-Encephalomyelopathy62

Multiple Degenerative Softenig63

Acute and Subacute Necrotic Myelopathy64

Acute and Subacute Necrotic Encephalopathy64

Residual States Followig Parenchymatous Degeneration66

Cerebral Degeneration：LATE CHANGES IN LITTLE＇S DISEASE-LATE CHANGES FOLLOWING ADULT TRAUMA，INTERNAL HYDROCEPHALUS，PORENCEPHALY，ETC．-LATE CHANGES FOLLOWING TOXIC AND NUTRITIONAL STATES66

Cerebellar Degeneration：PARENCHYMATOUS CORTICAL CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION68

Spinal Cord Degeneration：LATE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA-LATE EFFECTS OF CAISSON DISEASE-LATE EFFECTS OF ACUTE ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS70

2．Degenerative Disease Resulting from Nutritional Deficiencies71

Nervous System Disease Complicating Pernicious Anemia72

Vitamin B Complex Deficiency75

3．Degenerative Diseases of Heredofamilial Origin76

Lipid Dystrophies77

Huntington＇s Chorea80

Wilson＇s Disease(Hepatolenticular Degeneration)81

Cerebellar Ataxias82

Spinal Form：FRIEDREICH＇S ATAXIA83

Olivopontocerebellar Form(Dejerine-Thomas)83

Cerebellar Form：FAMILIAL DEGENERATION OF THE CEREBELLUM，ETC84

Mixed Forms：POLYMORPHOUS NEURO-ABIOTROPHY85

Diffuse Sclerosis(Schilder＇s Disease)86

4．Degenerative Disease Developing During the Senium and Presenium88

5．Degenerative States Resulting from Anatomical Denervation93

Crossed Atrophy of the Cerebellum93

Retrograde Nerve Cell Changes in Spinal Cord and Brain Stem94

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM96

Mononeuritis96

Polyneuritis97

Resulting from Nutritional Deficiency and Intoxication97

Resulting from Infectious Disease98

Resulting from Heredofamilial Taint98

References101

Ⅴ．REGENERATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM109

Regeneration in the Central Nervous System109

Regeneration in Sensory and Sympathetic Ganglia109

Regeneration of Nerve Roots110

Regeneration of Peripheral Nerve Fibers110

References113

Ⅵ．INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES115

General Considerations115

A．Morbid Anatomic Types of Meningo-Encephalomyelitis119

MENINGITIS119

Leptomeningitis119

Pachymeningitis122

ENCEPHALOMYELITIS123

Suppurative：BRAIN ABSCESS，SPINAL CORD ABSCESS，SUPPURATIVE EPENDYMITIS123

Non-Suppurative Encephalomyelitis125

Transitions Between Encephalomyelitis and Encephalomyelopathy130

Hemorrhagic，Malacic，Necrotic and Proliferative Types of Encephalomyelitis131

B．Etiological Types of Meningo-Encephalomyelitis133

1．NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS133

Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis(Heine-Medin Disease)134

Rabies135

Herpes Zoster136

Epidemic Encephalitis137

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis139

2．SYPHILIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM140

General Considerations and the Gumma140

Syphilitic Leptomeningitis141

Syphilitic Vascular Disease143

Disseminated Syphilis of the Nervous System143

Chronic Syphilitic Meningo-Encephalitis(General Paresis)144

Tabes Dorsalis146

Syphilitic Myelitis149

Erb＇s Spastic Spinal Syphilis150

Syphilitic Optic Atrophy150

The So-Called Syphilitic Amyotrophies150

Syphilitic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis(Panmeningitis)152

3．TUBERCULOSIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM152

General Considerations and the Tuberculoma152

Tuberculous Leptomeningitis154

Chronic Tuberculous Meningo-Encephalitis156

4．MYCOTIC INFECTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM157

Actinomycosis157

Cryptococcosis(Torulosis)158

Coccidioidomycosis(Coccidioidal Granuloma；Valley or Desert Fever)159

Blastomycosis160

5．PARASITIC INFECTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM161

Protozoan Diseases161

Malaria161

Trypanosomiasis(African Sleeping Sickness)162

American Trypanosomiasis163

Toxoplasmosis163

Worm Infestations164

Cysticercus Cellulosis164

Echinococcus(Hydatid Disease)165

Trichinosis165

6．POSTINFECTIOUS AND POSTVACCINAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS166

Vaccinia and Rabies Vaccine Encephalomyelitis； Postmeasles Encephalomyelitis166

7．NEUROTOXIC DISOBDERS OF INFECTIOUS ORIGIN168

Tetanus168

Diphtheria169

8．RICKETTSIAL DISORDERS169

Typhus Fever；Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever169

9．RHEUMATIC AND ENDOCARDITIC DISORDERS AND THE VASCULAR ALTERATIONS IN INTOXICATIONS170

Malignant Endocarditic Encephalomyelitis170

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditic(Endocarditis Lenta)Encephalomyelitis172

Rheumatic Endocarditic Encephalomyelitis172

Productive Capillary and Endarteritic Changes in Severe Toxemia173

C．Blastomatous States Resembling Meningo-Encephalomyelitis174

References174

Ⅶ．HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULAR DISORDERS183

A．Hemorrhage183

EXTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE184

SUBDURAL OR INTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE．SUBDURAL HEMATOMA(So-Called Pachymeningitis Haemorrhagica Interna)184

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE187

Primary Hemorrhage187

Aneurysms in the Basilar Cerebral Arteries：Congenital-Arteriosclerotic-Mycotic187

Secondary Hemorrhage190

INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE190

HEMORRHAGE WITHIN THE BRAIN SUBSTANCE190

Massive Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage；Brain Purpura；Traumatic Hemorrhage192

HEMATOMYELIA195

B．Vascular Disorders196

INFLAMMATORY TYPES196

Arteritis196

Phlebitis199

DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF THE CEREBROSPINAL BLOOD VESSELS200

Arteriosclerosis200

Arteriofibrosis202

Arterial Necrosis202

Capillary Sclerosis202

Angiodegeneration of Deficiency Origin：Cerebral Beriberi(Wernicke＇s Encephalopathy-Polioencephalitis Haemorrhagica Superior)203

OCCLUSIVE DISORDERS OF THE CEREBROSPINAL BLOOD VESSELS204

Non-Septic Venous Thrombosis204

Embolism205

Caisson Disease or Aeropathy205

Arterial Occlusion Syndromes206

VASCULAR TUMORS AND MALFORMATIONS209

General Considerations209

Hemangioblastoma210

Hemangio-Endothelioma，Angio-Endothelioma and Angiosarcoma210

Hemangioma212

Telangiectasis212

Racemose Venous Angioma213

Arterial Angioma213

Secondary Arteriovenous Communications or Aneurysms215

References216

Ⅷ．HYDROPS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RELATED STATES219

Edema of the Brain219

Edema of the Spinal Cord and Nerves221

Hydrocephalus221

Porencephaly223

Hydromyelia224

Syringomyelia and Syringobulbia224

Pseudosyringomyelia228

Subdural Hydroma(Subdural Hygroma-External Hydrocephalus)229

References230

Ⅸ．HYPERPLASIA IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM231

A．Hyperplasia of Neuro-Epithelial Derivatives231

B．Hyperplasia of the Meningovascular Derivatives233

HYPERPLASIA OF THE DURA MATER233

HYPERPLASIA OF THE PIA-ARACHNOID233

Chronic Adhesive Spinal Arachnoiditis235

HYPERPLASIA OF THE MENINGOVASCULAR EXTENSIONS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM：IN THE MEDULLARY SUBSTANCE-IN THE CORES OF THE CHOROID PLEXUSES236

References237

Ⅹ．NEOPLASMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM239

General Considerations239

A．Neoplasms of Neuro-Epithelial Origin242

NEURO-EPITHELIOMA243

MEDULLO-EPITHELIOMA244

CHOROIDAL EPITHELIUM AND PAPILLOMA OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS245

PARAPHYSIAL EPITHELIUM AND PARAPHYSIAL CYSTS(Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle)247

EPENDYMAL EPITHELIUM AND EPENDYMAL TUMORS248

PINEAL PARENCHYMA；PINEALOMA AND PINEALOBLASTOMA250

MEDULLOBLASTS AND MEDULLOBLASTOMA252

RETINOBLASTS AND RETINOBLASTOMA253

SYMPATHOGONIOMAS；SYMPATHOBLASTOMAS；NEUROBLASTOMAS，NEUROCYTOMAS，GANGLIONEUROMAS(of Peripheral Origin)；PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS255

NEUROMA256

CENTRAL NEUROBLASTOMAS，NEUROCYTOMAS，GANGLIOCYTOMAS257

GANGLIOGLIONEUROMA257

SPONGIOBLASTS AND POLAR SPONGIOBLASTOMAS(Spongioblastoma Polare)258

MULTIFORM SPONGIOBLASTOMAS；GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME，SPONGIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME261

ASTROCYTOMA264

OLIGODENDROGLIACYTES AND OLIGODENDROGLIOMA267

B．Primary Neoplasms of the Craniovertebral Structures，the Meninges，the Meningeal Prolongations Within the Brain and Spinal Cord and of the Nerve Roots and Peripheral Nerves267

CRANIOVERTEBRAL NEOPLASMS268

TUMORS ARISING FROM THE MENINGES271

From the Dura Mater272

From the Leptomeninx277

TUMORS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES AND THEIR ROOTS282

C．The Neurocutaneous Syndromes and Related States285

MULTIPLE NEUROFIBROMATOSIS(von Recklinghausen＇s Disease of the Nervous System)285

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS(Bourneville＇s Disease)289

MULTIPLE HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS(von Hippel-Lindau Disease)292

CUTANEOUS-LEPTOMENINGEAL ANGIOMATOSIS(Sturge-Weber-Dimitri Disease)293

CUTANEOUS-LEPTOMENINGEAL MELANOMATOSIS296

D．Neoplasms Arising from the Anterior Lobe of the Hypophysis and Its Anlage297

HYPOPHYSIAL ADENOMAS AND HYPERPLASIA298

E．Craniospinal Teratomas，Teratoids，Dermoids，Epidermoids and Related New Growths302

F．Invasive and Metastatic Tumors305

G．Pathological States Resembling or Related to the Neoplastic State309

LEUKEMIA309

HODGKIN＇S DISEASE310

References310

Ⅺ．MALFORMATIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS COVERINGS321

A．Malformation in the Spinal Region321

SPINAL DYSRAPHISM(Spina Bifida)321

B．Malformations in the Cephalic Region331

MALFORMATIONS OF THE BRAIN AND ITS COVERINGS331

Cranioschisis331

Cranium Bifidum，Cephalic Meningocele and Meningo-Encephalocele332

MALFORMATIONS OF THE SKULL333

Platybasia333

Oxycephaly333

Crouzon＇s Disease334

Hypertelorism334

MALFORMATIONS OF THE BRAIN AS A WHOLE334

MALFORMATIONS OF THE HINDBRAIN335

Cerebellum335

Pons and Medulla Oblongata337

Choroid Plexus and Leptomeningeal Malformations337

The Arnold-Chiari Abnormality337

MALFORMATIONS OF THE MIDBRAIN337

Congenital Stenosis of the Aqueduct of Sylvius337

Aplasia or Hypoplasia of the Motor Nerve Cells in the Oculomotor Nuclei338

MALFORMATIONS OF THE FOREBRAIN338

Dysraphic States340

Cyclopia340

Arhinencephaly341

Malformations of the Corpus Callosum342

Malformations of the Septum Pellucidum342

Dilatation of the Cavum Septi Pellucidi and Cavum Vergae343

Ependymal Streaks343

Developmental Anomalies of the Cerebral Cortex343

Heterotopic Masses of Nerve and Glia Cells346

Developmental Anomalies in Tuberous Sclerosis and von Recklinghausen＇s Disease of the Nervous System347

References348

Ⅻ．DEFORMITIES AND ARTEFACTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM351

Deformities of the Nervous System351

HERNIATIONS351

MENINGOCELES352

ARNOLD-CHIARI DEFORMITY354

DEFORMITIES OF THE AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS355

HYDROCEPHALUS：OBSTRUCTIVE AND EX VACUO FORMS355

DEFORMITIES INCIDENT TO HEMORRHAGE，TUMORS，DEGENERATION，ETC358

Artefacts of the Nervous System358

ARTEFACTS FROM FAULTY REMOVAL358

ARTEFACTS FROM POSTMORTEM CHANGE359

ARTEFACTS FROM SHRINKAGE359

References360

ⅩⅢ．ADVENTITIOUS AND METABOLIC SUBSTANCES361

Lipid Substances361

Pigments363

Hyaline Substances366

Inorganic Substances368

Pathogenic Organisms370

Argentophil Bodies371

Miscellaneous Substances371

References372

ⅩⅣ．MUSCULAR DISORDERS AND RELATED STATES374

A．Congenital Muscle Defects374

B．Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscle375

C．Muscular Dystrophy(Primary Muscular Atrophy)376

D．Myotonia Dystrophica(Myotonia Atrophica)；Myotonia Congenita(Thomsen＇s Disease)377

E．Myasthenia Gravis378

F．Muscular Atrophy(Secondary)379

G．Amyotonia Congenita(Myatonia Congenita or Oppenheim＇s Disease)and Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease(Infantile Progressive Spinal Atrophy)381

H．Myositis382

I．Muscular Paralysis(MISCELLANEOUS)383

References383

ⅩⅤ．SYNDROMES，PARALYSES，AND UNCOMMON DISEASES386

1．Adie＇s Syndrome386

2．Adiposis Dolorosa387

3．Adiposogenital Syndrome387

4．Anton＇s Syndrome387

5．Aran-Duchenne Paralysis387

6．Athetosis387

7．Athetosis，Double388

8．Auriculotemporal Syndrome388

9．Syndrome of Avellis388

10．Bell＇s Palsy388

11．Benedikt＇s Syndrome388

12．Syndrome of Bernhardt and Roth388

13．Brown-Sequard Syndrome388

14．Carotid Sinus Syndrome389

15．Catalepsy389

16．Cataplexy389

17．Causalgia389

18．Syndrome of Cerebral Diplegia389

19．Cervical Rib Syndrome389

20．Cervical Sympathetic Paralysis390

21．Syndrome of Cestan-Chenais390

22．Chorea：a)Choreo-Athetosis，b)Electric Chorea of Dubini，c)Fibrillary Chorea of Morvan，d)Hemichorea390

23．Syndrome of Claude390

24．Claude-Bernard-Horner Syndrome390

25．Primary Degeneration of the Corpus Callosum390

26．Syndrome of Crocodile Tears391

27．Dejerine-Klumpke Paralysis391

28．Syndrome of Dejerine-Roussy391

29．Dercum＇s Disease391

30．Dystonia Musculorum Deformans391

31．Epilepsy：a)Idiopathic，b)Jacksonian，c)Myoclonus Epilepsy of Unverricht391

32．Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy392

33．Facial Hemispasm392

34．Facial Paraspasm(Paraspasme Faciale)392

35．Facial Spasm392

36．Facial Tic392

37．Postparalytic Facial＂Tic＂392

38．Familial Diffuse Sclerosis393

39．Syndrome of Foster Kennedy393

40．Foville＇s Syndrome393

41．Frey＇s Syndrome393

42．Frohlich＇s Syndrome393

43．Syndrome of Fuchs393

44．Gargoylism393

45．Gelineau＇s Disease393

46．Geniculate Herpes Zoster393

47．Gerstmann＇s Syndrome393

48．Gradenigo＇s Syndrome393

49．Syndrome of Guillain-Barre393

50．Syndrome of Hallervorden and Spatz393

51．Hemiballismus394

52．Hemifacial Spasm394

53．Syndrome of Hemisection of the Spinal Cord394

54．Heredofamilial Spastic Paraplegia or Diplegia394

55．Holmes-Adie Syndrome394

56．Horner＇s Syndrome394

57．Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt394

58．Hurler＇s Disease394

59．Syndrome of Infantile Cerebral Diplegia395

60．Syndrome of Infantile Cerebral Hemiplegia395

61．Jackson＇s Syndrome395

62．Syndrome of Jakob395

63．Jakob-Creutzfeld Disease395

64．Syndrome of Jaw-Winking395

65．Syndrome of the Jugular Foramen395

66．Klumpke＇s Paralysis395

67．Korsakoff＇s Syndrome395

68．Krabbe＇s Disease395

69．Landry＇s Paralysis(Acute Ascending Paralysis)395

70．Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome396

71．Leber＇s Disease(Hereditary Optic Atrophy)396

72．Lipochondrodystrophy396

73．Lipodystrophy396

74．Syndrome of Little＇s Disease396

75．Lobar Sclerosis(Cerebral Hemiatrophy)396

76．Marchiafava-Bignami Disease396

77．Marchiafava＇s Disease396

78．Syndrome of Marcus-Gunn397

79．Median Facial Spasm397

80．Meniere＇s Disease397

81．Meralgia Paraesthetica397

82．Millard-Gubler Syndrome397

83．Mongolism397

84．Syndrome of Morgagni-Morel397

85．Morquio＇s Disease397

86．Morvan＇s Syndrome398

87．Syndrome of Myelodysplasia398

88．Myoclonus398

89．Naffziger＇s Syndrome398

90．Narcolepsy398

91．Paramyoclonus Multiplex398

92．Paraplegia-in-Flexion398

93．Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease398

94．Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia399

95．Pituitary Cachexia399

96．Syndrome of Pseudobulbar Palsy399

97．Pyknolepsy399

98．Syndrome of Roussy and Levy399

99．Scalenus Anticus Syndrome(Naffziger＇s Syndrome)399

100．Schmidt＇s Syndrome399

101．Simmonds＇Disease399

102．Spastic Paraplegia399

103．Spastic Pseudosclerosis399

104．Strumpell＇s Encephalitis400

105．Thalamic Syndrome400

106．Torsion Spasm(Torsion Dystonia)400

107．Spasmodic Torticollis400

108．Unverricht＇s Myoclonic Epilepsy400

109．Syndrome of Vernet400

110．Villaret＇s Syndrome400

111．Wallenberg＇s Syndrome400

112．Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome401

113．Weber＇s Syndrome401

114．Westphal-Strumpell Pseudosclerosis401

References401

ⅩⅥ．NEURO-ANATOMICAL SUPPLEMENT406

References419

ⅩⅦ．NEUROPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIC SUPPLEMENT421

A．Preparation of Gross Specimens421

B．Neurological Staining Methods and Impregnation Technics423

References452

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS455

INDEX459