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CHAPTER 11

GENERAL INTRODUCTION1

1. Introduction1

1.1 The Nigerian Context and the Historical Perspective6

1.1.1 The Colonial Heritage6

1.1.2 A Brief Background to Nigeria’s Labour Relations Policy15

1.1.2.1 The Policy of Voluntarism15

1.1.2.2 Interventionism: The Emergence of a Policy Shift17

1.2 Format of the Work24

1.3 Definition of Terms29

CHAPTER 231

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK：DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF THE RIGHT TO STRIKE31

2. Introduction31

2.1 Definition and the Concept of the of Strike33

2.1.1 Cessation of Work35

2.1.2 Concerted Refusal to Work36

2.2 Other Forms of Industrial Action38

2.2.1 Overtime Ban38

2.2.2 Work-in39

2.2.3 Picketing39

2.2.4 Lock-Out42

2.3 The Right to Strike or the Freedom to Strike？43

2.4 The Right to Strike：An Individual or a Collective Right？49

2.5 The Right to Strike：An Economic or a Political Right？53

2.6 Disputes of Rights Versus Disputes of Interests58

2.7 Restriction of the Right to Strike Through Collective Agreement：the Peace Obligation62

2.8 The Right to Strike and the Concept of Essential Services65

2.9 The Relationship between Freedom of Association，Collective Bargaining and the Right to Strike69

2.9.1 Freedom of Association and the Right to Strike70

2.9.2 Collective Bargaining and the Right to Strike77

2.10 Conclusion81

CHAPTER 384

THE INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND THEIR PLACE IN NIGERIAN LAW84

3. Introduction84

3.1 The International Legal Framework85

3.2 Sources of the Right to Strike in International Law86

3.2.1. The International Covenant on Economic，Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)86

3.2.2 The Right to Strike and the International Labour Organisation (ILO)88

3.3 Sources of the Right to Associate in International Law95

3.3.1 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)95

3.3.2 The International Covenant on Economic，Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)96

3.3.3 The International Labour Organisation (ILO) and Freedom of Association100

3.4 The ILO and Collective Bargaining in International Law100

3.5 The International Legal Framework and Nigerian Domestic Law103

3.5.1 Theories of Monism and Dualism103

3.5.2 The Status of the International Legal Framework in Nigerian Law107

3.6 Indirect Ways of Applying Non-Domesticated International Instruments111

3.6.1 Non-Domesticated Treaties as Customary International law112

3.6.2 Non-Domesticated Treaties as an Aid to Interpretation (Domestication by the Judiciary)114

3.7 The Regional Legal Framework117

3.7.1 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’Rights118

3.7.2 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’Rights125

3.7.3 The African Court on Human and Peoples’Rights128

3.7,4 The Status of the Regional Legal Framework in Nigerian Law131

3.8 Conclusion134

CHAPTER 4136

FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AND THE RIGHT TO STRIKE136

4. Introduction136

4.1 Sources of the Right to Associate in Nigerian Law137

4.1.1 The Constitutional Basis for Workers’Freedom of Association137

4.1.2 Protection of the Right to Associate Under the Labour Act 2004139

4.1.3 Protection Under Section 12 of the Trade Unions Act 2004142

4.2 Violations of Workers’Freedom of Association143

4.2.1 The Right to Form and Join Trade Unions144

4.2.2 The Right to Personal Liberty and Human Dignity147

4.2.3 Freedom of Assembly151

4.2.4 Freedom of Opinion and Expression154

4.2.5 The Protection of Trade Union Property155

4.3 The Right to Strike by Unorganised Workers and Unofficial Strikes157

4.3.1 Strikes by Unorganised Workers157

4.3.2 Unofficial Strikes163

4.3.2.1 Protection of Employees From Danger163

4.3.2.2 “Perishable Disputes”164

4.3.2.3 Environmental and Safety Concerns of Workers165

4.3.2.4 Breakdown in Machinery for Settlement of Disputes166

4.3.2.5 Distance and Communication Problems167

4.4 Conclusion167

CHAPTER 5170

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE RIGHT TO STRIKE170

5. Introduction170

5.1 The Meaning and Aims of Collective Bargaining171

5.1.1 Settlement of Trade Disputes174

5.1.2 Workplace Democracy175

5.1.3 Redistribution of Power177

5.1.4 Promotion of Efficiency178

5.2 The Collective Bargaining Framework in Nigerian Law180

5.2.1 Private Sector181

5.2.2 Public Sector182

5.2.3 Collective Bargaining and Trade Union Representation184

5.2.4 Trade Union Representation and the Minority Right to Strike185

5.2.5 The Right to Strike as a Weapon of Last Resort189

5.3 Procedural Requirements Prior to the Strike192

5.3.1 Settlement by the Grievance Procedures192

5.3.2 Settlement by Mediation193

5.3.3 Settlement by Conciliation194

5.3.4 Settlement by the Industrial Arbitration Panel (lAP)195

5.3.5 Settlement by the National industrial Court (NIC)197

5.3.6 The Board of Inquiry198

5.3.7 The Need to Give Advance Notice207

5.3.8 Workers Must Vote to Go on Strike210

5.4 The Principle of Proportionality213

5.5 Conclusion215

CHAPTER 6219

PROHIBITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT TO STRIKE219

6. Introduction219

6.1 Conditional Prohibition on the Exercise of the Right to Strike220

6.2 Absolute Prohibitions on the Exercise of the Right to Strike231

6.2.1 The Right to Strike and Essential Services231

6.2.2 Why Protect Essential Services？243

6.2.3 Maintenance of Minimum Services246

6.2.4 Graduated Strikes247

6.2.5 The Right to Strike and Export Processing Zones (EPZs)248

6.2.6 The Right to Strike in the Oil and Gas Industries253

6.2.7 The Right to Strike During Emergencies257

6.2.8 The Public Sector and the Right to Strike261

6.2.9 Should Strikes by all Public Servants be prohibited？268

6.2.10 Rights of Workers Barred From Striking：Compensatory Mechanisms273

6.3. Restrictions on the Exercise of the Right to Strike275

6.3.1 Restrictions on the Right to Picketing276

6.3.2 Disputes of Rights Versus Disputes of Interests283

6.3.3 Restriction of the Right to Strike through Collective Agreement (the Peace Obligation)286

6.3.4 Restrictions Relating to Political Strikes291

6.3.4.1 Purely Political Strikes296

6.3.4.2 Industrial／Political Strikes-Cases with Mixed Motives298

6.3.4.3 Political Strikes and the Sovereignty Theory301

6.3.4.4 Political Strikes and Representative Democracy302

6.4 Conclusion305

CHAPTER 7307

LIABILITY FOR EXERCISING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE307

7. Introduction307

7.1 Civil Liability for Exercising the Right to Strike308

7.1.1 Dismissal for Breach of a Contract of Employment308

7.1.2 Loss of Wages and Other Benefits318

7.1.3 The Labour Injunction321

7.2 Civil Liability：Liability in Torts325

7.2.1 Inducing Breach of Contract325

7.2.1.1 Knowledge and Intention to Break the Contract326

7.2.1.2 Inducement to Break the Contract327

7.2.1.3 Actual Breach of the Contract328

7.2.2 The Tort of Intimidation329

7.2.3 Civil Conspiracy330

7.2.4 The Statutory Immunity332

7.3 Criminal Liability for Exercising the Right to Strike334

7.3.1 Criminal Conspiracy335

7.3.2 Conspiracy to Extort by Deceit337

7.3.3 Penal Sanctions Imposed by the Labour Statutes338

7.4 Criminal Sanctions against the Right to Strike：Have They Been Effective？339

7.5 Conclusion344

CHAPTER 8346

GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS346

BIBLIOGRAPHY357

APPENDICES387

Appendix 1：African Charter on Human and Peoples’Rights 1981387

Appendix 2：Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention，No. 87 of 1948404

Appendix 3：Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention No. 98 of 1949406

Appendix 4：The Trade Disputes Act 2004408

Appendix 5：Trade Disputes (Essential) Services Act 2004434

Appendix 6：Trade Unions Act 2004434

Appendix 7：Trade Union (Amendment) Act 2005463