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第一章 导论1

Chapter Ⅰ Introduction1

第一节 立论基础1

Section 1 The Establishment of Scientific Basis1

一、预防医学的哲学思维The philosophical thought of preventive medicine1

二、预防医学的定义和内容Definition and content of preventive medicine5

三、社会医学的发展Development of social medicine6

第二节 发展简史15

Section 2 Outline of Developmental History15

一、原始启蒙时代The original initiative era16

二、科学基础形成与临床科学发展时代The basic science and clinical science era(1850～1950)21

三、预防口腔医学的诞生和发展时代The emergence and development era of preventive dentistry(1950～2000)22

四、21世纪口腔健康科学的发展时代The developmental era of oral health science in the 21st century29

第三节 口腔卫生保健供给体制34

Section 3 Oral Health Care Delivery Systems34

一、简介与背景Introduction and background34

二、影响现代卫生保健系统发展的因素Factors influencing development of modern health care systems35

三、卫生保健体制的组成Components of health care systems35

四、卫生保健体制的完善A good health care system37

五、口腔卫生保健的组织原则与提供模式The principles of organization and models of oral health care delivery system38

六、发展中国家的卫生保健体制Health care systems in developing countries39

一、流行病学的定义和发展The definition and development of epidemiology42

Section 1 Overview42

Chapter Ⅱ Oral Health Epidemiology42

第一节 概述42

第二章 口腔健康流行病学42

二、口腔流行病学的定义Definition of oral epidemiology44

三、口腔流行病学的作用The role of oral epidemiology45

第二节 口腔疾病的流行病学47

Section 2 The Epidemilogy of Oral Diseases47

一、口腔疾病的流行趋势The trends and distribution of oral diseases47

二、口腔疾病的分布状况Distribution of oral diseases48

三、病因和病因推断The cause and diagnostic testing49

Section 3 Types of Oral Epidemilogical Studies51

第三节 口腔流行病学的研究类型51

一、描述性研究方法The descriptive studies52

二、分析性研究方法The analytic studies53

三、实验性研究方法The experimental studies55

第四节 流行病研究中的偏倚及其控制60

Section 4 The Bias and its Control in Epidemilogical Studies60

一、偏倚的类型Types of Bias60

第五节 口腔健康调查64

Section 5 Oral Health Surveys64

一、调查的设计The design of survey65

二、调查的组织实施The organizing and implementing of survey66

第四章 龋病预防与控制72

Chapter Ⅳ Prevention and Control of Dental Caries72

三、指数与标准Indices and criteria72

四、调查方法Survey methods91

五、样本含量Sample size92

六、调查质量的控制Quality control of survey96

Section 6 Questionnaire Survey for Oral Health101

第六节 口腔健康问卷调查101

一、问卷的类型mode of a questionnaire101

二、问卷设计The Design of Questionnaire102

三、问题和答案的设计The Design of Questions and Answers106

四、质量控制Quality Control108

第七节 龋病流行病学111

Section 7 The Epidemiology of Dental Caries111

一、龋病流行状况和趋势The trends and distribution of dental caries111

二、龋病流行特征及其影响因素The epidemic characteristics of dental caries and its risk factors113

四、恒牙龋流行特征及其影响因素Epidemic trends of caries and its risk factors in permanent teeth115

三、乳牙龋流行特征及其影响因素Epidemic trends of caries and its risk factors in primary teeth115

五、根面龋流行特征及其影响因素Epidemic trends of root caries and its risk factors116

六、龋病危险性预测与评价Prediction and assessment of caries risk117

第八节 牙周病流行病学117

Section 8 The Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases117

一、世界牙周病流行状况和趋势The epidemic trends of periodontal diseases in the world117

二、中国牙周病流行状况和趋势The epidemic trends of periodontal diseases in china118

三、影响牙周病流行的因素Tha Risk factors of periodontal diseases121

一、失牙Tooth loss122

二、氟牙症Dental fluorosis122

第九节 其他口腔常见疾病的流行状况122

Section 9 The Epidemiological Status of other Common Oral Diseases122

三、口腔癌Oral cancer126

四、牙颌异常Dentofacial anomalies126

五、口腔黏膜病Oral mucosal diseases127

六、唇腭裂Cleft lip and palate128

七、颞下颌关节紊乱Temporomonibular disorders128

第三章 口腔健康资料统计学基本方法131

Chapter Ⅲ Statistical Methods for Oral Health Data131

第一节 口腔健康资料的统计指标131

Section 1 Statistical Indicators in Oral Health Data131

一、资料的种类Types of measurement scale131

二、统计指标Statistical indicators132

一、核对Proof-reading137

第二节 资料的整理137

Section 2 Sorting Data137

二、分组Sorting data138

三、整理Data set138

第三节 资料的统计分析方法138

Section 3 Statistical Methods in Oral Health Data138

一、计量资料的统计分析Statistical analysis for measurement data139

二、计数资料的统计分析Statistical analysis for enumeration data142

第四节 SPSS/PC应用入门144

一、SPSS的功能Functions of SPSS144

Section 4 Access to SPSS/PC144

二、数据文件的管理Data handling146

三、描述性统计分析Descriptive statistics155

四、均数间的比较Compare means164

第一节 龋病病因及其致病因素172

Section 1 Etiology of Dental Caries and its Cariogenic Factors172

一、龋病病因学Etiology of dental caries174

二、龋病分类Classification of dental caries183

三、龋病的进展The progress of dental caries184

一、确定龋病危险因素的方法The methods for determining caries risk factors185

第二节 龋病危险因素及其预测方法185

Section 2 Caries Risk Factors and its Predicting Methods185

二、龋病的危险因素The risk factor of dental caries186

三、龋病危险因素预测及早期诊断The predication of caries risk factor and diagnosis in its early stage187

第三节 龋病预防的科学基础与基本对策188

Section 3 The scientific Basis and Main Strategies for Caries prevention188

一、菌斑控制Plaque control188

二、糖替代品Sugar substitutes192

三、增强宿主的抵抗力Strengthening host ability to anti-caries192

Section 4 The Pit Fissure Sealants and Preventive Restorations194

一、窝沟龋流行病学Epidemiological status of fissure caries194

第四节 窝沟封闭及预防性修复194

二、牙？面点隙裂沟的解剖形态和龋损Anatomic morphology of pit and fissure of the molar occlusal surface and carious lesion195

三、封闭剂的粘附机理Adhesive mechanism of sealants196

四、窝沟封闭的防龋作用Caries preventive effectiveness of fissure sealants198

五、？面龋预防方法的研究进展Study progress of preventative method of the occlusal caries198

六、封闭剂的组成和种类Component and type of sealants199

七、适应证、禁忌证Indication、Contraindication201

八、临床效果及评价Clinical effect and evaluation202

九、窝沟封闭的操作方法Operating method of pit and fissure sealants204

十一、预防性树脂充填Preventive resin restoration206

十二、预防？面龋的方法选择Alternative method for occlusal caries prevention206

十、有关窝沟封闭效果的几个问题Some problems on effectiveness of pit and fissure seanlant206

第五节 非创伤性修复治疗207

Section 5 Atraumatic Restorative Treatment,ART207

一、非创伤性修复治疗的建立基础Established basis of ART207

二、适应证及禁忌证Indication and contraindication210

三、ART途径要求的器械及材料Equipment and materials for the APT approach211

四、ART途径的操作步骤The ART approach-step by step212

五、ART修复失败的原因与处理Failed ART restoratives:Cause and management214

六、ART的实际应用ART as a practice builder215

七、ART未来的发展方向Future direction for ART216

一、氟的环境分布Distribution of fluorides in the environment218

Section 1 Fluorides and General Health218

Chapter Ⅴ Fluoride and Human Health218

第五章 氟化物与人类健康218

第一节 氟化物与人体健康218

二、人体氟代谢和排泄Fluoride metabolism and excretion220

三、氟的排泄Fluoride excretion223

四、氟的毒性作用Toxic effect of fluoride223

五、氟的防龋机制Mechanism of fluoride in caries prevention226

第二节 饮水氟化228

Section 2 Water Fluoridation228

一、饮水氟化的历史和现状Development of water fluoridation228

二、饮水氟化的防龋功效Efficacy of fluoridation for caries prevention230

四、学校饮水氟化School water fluoridation232

三、饮水氟化防龋的成本效益Cost-benefit of fluoridation for caries prevention232

五、饮水氟化的安全性Safety in water fluoridation233

第三节 其他系统用氟防龋措施233

Section 3 Other Systemic Use of Fluorides for Caries Prevention233

一、食盐氟化Salt fluoridation233

二、牛奶氟化Milk fluoridation236

三、氟片和氟滴剂Fluoride tablets and fluoride drops238

第四节 含氟牙膏240

Section 4 Fluoridated Toothpastes240

一、含氟牙膏的发展历史Development of fluoridated toothpastes240

二、含氟牙膏的防龋功效Efficacy of fluoridated toothpastes in caries prevention242

三、儿童应用含氟牙膏的问题The problem in use of fluoridated toothpastes in children243

四、含氟牙膏的研究进展Research progress of fluoridated toothpastes244

第五节 其他局部用氟防龋措施245

Section 5 Other Topical Use of Fluorides for Caries Prevention245

一、氟水漱口Fluoride mouth-rinsing246

二、局部涂氟Topical use of fluoride solution247

三、含氟涂料Fluoride varnishes248

四、含氟凝胶Fluoride gels248

五、其他Others249

Section 6 Dialectical Conception for Fluoride250

第六节 除氟害兴氟利250

一、多氟源和总摄氟量Multiple fluoride sources and total fluoride intake252

二、高氟地区的除氟问题Removal of excessive fluoride254

三、氟防龋的安全与监测Fluoride intake monitoring in caries prevention255

第六章 牙周病的公共卫生方面262

Chapter Ⅵ Public Health Aspects of Periodontal Diseases262

第一节 从公共卫生的角度认识牙周病262

Section 1 Recognition of Periodontal Diseases From the Viewpoint of Public Health262

一、牙周病的概念Concept of periodontal diseases262

二、牙周病的病因与危险因素The etiology and risk factors of periodontal diseases263

三、牙周病的流行病学特点Characteristics of epidemiologic studies of periodontal diseases266

一、三期预防Three stages of prevention267

Section 2 The Prevention and Control of Periodontal Diseases267

四、预防牙周病的意义－作为一项公共卫生措施Significance in prevention of periodontal diseases-as a public health measure267

第二节 牙周病的预防和控制267

二、自我保健Self care in oral health268

三、专业性保健Professional oral health care272

四、药物方法Medicine approach273

五、应用自我保健和专业保健相结合的方法，在人群中开展口腔卫生项目273

第七章 自我口腔保健技术和方法276

Chapter Ⅶ Techniques and Methods for Oral Self-Care276

第一节 牙刷与刷牙276

Section 1 Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing276

一、牙刷Toothbrushes277

二、刷牙方法Brushing techniques296

三、洁牙剂及其作用Dentifrices and the functions306

第二节 其他洁牙用品与方法317

Section 2 Other Cleansing Aids and Techniques317

一、牙线及其用法Dental floss and flossing techniques317

二、牙间刷及其应用Interdental brushes and techniques320

三、冲洗器Irrigator322

四、口腔含漱剂及其作用Mouth rinses and functions323

第三节 口臭的预防与治疗334

Section 3 Prevention and Treatment of Bad Breath334

一、口臭形成的原因The causes of bad breath334

二、诊断与治疗Diagnosis and Treatment338

Chapter Ⅷ Nutrition,Diet and Oral Health341

第八章 营养、膳食与口腔健康341

Section 1 Nutrition and Oral Health344

一、营养与口腔组织的生长和发育Nutrition and Oral tissue growth and development344

第一节 营养与口腔健康344

二、营养与钙化过程Nutrition and calcification processes348

三、牙齿发育的阶段Stages in tooth development349

四、营养与牙周组织Nutrition and the periodontium352

五、牙齿在营养中的价值The value of teeth in Nutrition354

六、营养，膳食与儿童口腔健康Nutrition,diet and oral health in children360

Section 2 Nutrition and Oral Diseases376

一、膳食与龋病Diet and Dental Caries376

第二节 营养与口腔疾病376

二、营养与牙周病Nutrition and periodontal disease380

三、营养与口腔黏膜病Nutrition and the oral mucosa diseases382

四、膳食与牙侵蚀症Diet and dental erosion385

五、营养与口腔感染、创伤Nutrition and oral infection,trauma388

六、营养与口腔癌Nutrition and Oral Cancer389

七、与营养不良有关的口腔表征Oral Manifestations associated with Malnutrition393

第三节 口腔疾病防治中的营养指南395

Section 3 Guidelines for Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Oral Diseases395

一、糖的消耗Sugars consumption395

二、健康促进方面Health promotion perspectives400

三、合理营养与膳食指导Adequate nutrition and diet counseling402

Chapter Ⅸ Oral Cancer and Its Prevention412

第一节 口腔癌流行病学及其有关致病因素412

Section 1 Epidemiology of and Factors Related to Oral Cancer412

一、口腔癌的流行病学Epidemiology of oral cancer412

第九章 口腔癌及其预防412

二、口腔癌的行为特征Oral cancer behavioral characteristics416

三、口腔癌前病变Oral precancerous lesions416

四、口腔癌有关的致病因素Causal factors related to oral cancer419

Section 2 Examination,Diagnosis of Oral Cancer and its Prevention423

一、定期检查与早期诊断Examination and diagnosis of initual stage423

第二节 口腔癌早期诊断、检查和预防423

二、口腔癌的预防Prevention of oral cancer424

第十章 特殊人群的口腔保健431

Chapter Ⅹ Oral Health Care for the Special Groups431

第一节 妇幼口腔保健431

Section 1 Oral Health Care for the Maternal and Child431

一、妊娠妇女的口腔保健Oral health care services for pregnant women432

二、婴幼儿的口腔保健Oral health care services for infant and toddler434

三、学龄前儿童的口腔保健Oral health care services for preschool children446

第二节 中小学生口腔保健448

Section 2 Oral Health Care for School Children448

一、口腔健康教育的责任者Who is responsible for oral health education448

二、创建有效的学校口腔保健项目Creating effective,school-based oral health programs450

三、健康教育的内容Content of health education452

四、体育运动中的口腔保护Preventive dentistry in sports455

五、综合口腔保健项目Comprehensive oral health programs456

六、新西兰和丹麦的学校口腔保健项目School-based programs in New Zealand and Denmark459

第三节 老年人口腔保健462

Section 3 Oral Health Care for the Elders462

一、人口统计学分布Demographic trends463

二、与增龄有关的生理性变化Physiological changes associated with ageing464

三、老年人的口腔健康问题Oral health problems of elders464

四、老年人口腔卫生服务Oral health care for the elders468

一、辅助口腔清洁方法Attendant care470

第四节 残疾人口腔保健470

Section 4 Oral Health Care for Compromised Individuals470

二、维护口腔卫生的装置Oral hygiene devices472

三、口腔预防措施Preventive therapies475

第十一章 口腔健康促进与健康教育486

Chapter Ⅺ Oral Health Promotion and Health Education486

第一节 口腔健康促进的理论基础486

Section 1 The Theoretical Basis of Oral Health Promotion486

一、健康的概念Concept of health487

二、影响健康的因素Factors influencing on health491

三、健康促进的发展The development of health promotion492

四、健康促进的定义Definition of health promotion494

五、健康促进的模式与途径Models and approaches of health promotion496

第二节 健康促进的策略与方法499

Section 2 Strategies and Methods in Health Promotion499

一、健康合作伙伴——一起工作Partnerships for health-working together499

二、公共卫生工作Public health work502

三、与社区合作和发展社区Working with communities and community development505

四、帮助人们改变Helping people to Change507

五、媒体在健康促进中的作用Using the mass media in health promotion510

二、口腔健康教育的定义与基本概念Definition and basic concepts of oral health education513

一、口腔健康教育的重要性Oral Health Education is still important513

Section 3 Oral Health Education513

第三节 口腔健康教育513

三、计划口腔健康教育项目Planning oral health education programmes515

四、评价口腔健康教育Evaluation of oral health education521

五、评价口腔健康教育方法Methodologies used in evaluating oral health education523

第十二章 社区口腔保健530

Chapter Ⅻ Community Oral Health Care530

第一节 初级卫生保健途径530

Section 1 The Primary Health Care Approach530

一、人人享有卫生保健的含义The meaning of"health for all"530

二、初级卫生保健Primary health care533

三、初级口腔卫生保健Primary oral health care536

四、初级口腔卫生保健的作用及其限度The role of primary oral health care and its limitation539

五、初级口腔卫生保健人员的充分发展与利用sufficient development and utilization of primary oral health workers541

六、实施初级口腔卫生保健的若干问题Operational aspects of primary oral health care542

第二节 社区口腔卫生保健550

Section 2 Community Oral Health Care550

一、口腔公共卫生Oral public health550

二、社区与社区口腔保健Community and community oral health care552

三、社区口腔保健模式构架An essential model structure for community oral health care555

四、社区口腔保健模式的评价Evaluation of community oral health care models560

五、社区口腔保健模式的实践Community care models for oral health in practice563

六、社区口腔健康状态及其干预Community oral health status and its intervention568

七、贫困社区口腔卫生保健Oral health care in the deprived communities572

八、综合基本口腔保健WHO integrated package of basic oral care(IPBOC)578

第十三章 口腔保健项目管理584

Chapter ⅩⅢ Programme Management for Oral Health Care584

第一节 科学管理的基本概念与原则584

Section 1 Essential Concepts and Principles in the Scientific Management584

一、管理学简介Introduction of management science585

二、现代管理的基本概念Essential concepts of modern management588

三、管理的基本原则Principles in management589

四、口腔保健项目管理的基本程序Basic procedure of programme management for oral health care593

第二节 口腔保健项目的计划597

Section 2 Planning for oral health programmes597

一、情况分析Situation analysis600

二、确定重点Determining priorities601

三、形成项目目标Development of programme goals and objectives602

四、确立资源与制约因素Identifying resources and constraints603

五、确定策略选择Establishing alternative strategies604

六、选择推荐的口腔疾病预防方法Selecting methods recommended for oral disease prevention607

七、实施、监督、评价与调整Implementation,supervision,Evaluation and Revision610

第十四章 感染性疾病对口腔临床实践的影响614

Chapter ⅩⅣ The Impact of Infection Disease on the Practice of Dentistry614

一、医院感染的定义Definition of Hospital Infection615

二、医院感染分类Types of Hospital Infection615

三、与传染病学的区别Distinction of communicable diseases616

第一节 感染性疾病对口腔实践的影响617

Section 1 The Impact of Transmissible Disease on the Practice of Dentistry617

一、人类免疫缺损病毒疾病Human immunodeficiency virus HIV618

二、病毒性肝炎Viral Hepatitis620

三、结核Tuberculosis,TB622

四、人疱疹病毒Human Herpes Virus624

第二节 感染与控制625

Section 2 Infection and Control625

一、感染传播的路径The ways of infection625

二、防护屏障Protective Barriers627

三、器械处理Instrument processing631

四、表面与设备无菌术Surface and equipment asepsis637

五、废弃物管理Waste management638

第十五章 循证医学与口腔保健640

Chapter ⅩⅤ Evidence-based Medicine and Oral Health Care640

第一节 循证医学的基本概念641

Section 1 Basic Concepts of Evidence-based Medicine(EMB)641

一、循证医学的概念The concept of Evidence-based Medicine,EBM641

二、随机对照（临床）试验Randomised controlled trial,RCT642

一、研究设计合格的临床试验的检索标准Criteria for searching eligible clinical trials of the study design646

二、金标准临床试验的特征The characteristics of golden standard for clinical trials646

Section 2 The Basic Qualifications Possessed in the Validity Evaluation of the Results from Studies646

第二节 评价研究结果真实性应具备的基本条件646

三、系统评价Systematic review647

四、Meta-分析Meta-analysis648

第三节 证据质量评价与循证推荐650

Seyction 3 Assessment of Quality of Evidence and Evidence-based Recommendations650

一、证据质量评价Assessment of evidence quality650

第四节 循证预防口腔医学的概念与实践653

Section 4 The Concept and Practice of Evidence-based Preventive Dentistry653

一、什么是循证医学？What is the evidence-based medicine?653

二、什么是循证牙医学？What is the evidence-based denfistry?653

三、什么是循证预防牙医学？What is the evidence-based preventive dentistry?654

四、Meta-分析：预防口腔医学举例Meta-analysis:examples from preventive dentistry654