如何写作科研论文2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Basic rules of writing 写作基础1

Brevity2

Logic and clarity2

Clean typing3

2 Comments on scientific language 科技语言的使用4

English as a foreign language5

Follow the “ leitmotif”7

Verbosity8

He/she9

Active or passive voice10

Tense12

Noun clusters and modifiers13

Prevalence and incidence14

Avoid the use of “ respectively”15

The “and/or” construction15

Unnecessary hedging16

How old is young？16

Avoid synonyms to achieve elegant variation18

The remote verb18

3 Drafting the manuscript 草稿20

Write down your thoughts as they arise21

Where and when to write？21

The other way around23

Handwriting or word processing？24

4 Choosing a journal 选择发表的杂志25

Instructions to authors27

5 Preparing a graph 准备图表28

The line graph28

The chart32

Before submission49

6 Drawings 绘图50

7 Figure legends 图例53

8 How to design tables 设计表格55

The descriptive title55

The declarative title56

Rounding off57

Table or graph？58

9 Title 标题62

Whenever possible， use a declarative rather than a neutral title62

Titles ending with a question mark64

Begin with the keywords64

Use verbs instead of abstract nouns65

Avoid abbreviations in the title65

A title for your thesis66

Running title67

10 Authors 作者69

Guidelines on authorship69

The contributors list71

A question of coauthorship73

11 Abstract 摘要75

The conventional abstract76

The structured abstract76

12 Introduction 前言79

13 Methods 方 法82

The subjects83

Informed consent84

Omissions in reporting of randomized controlled trials85

14 Results 结果89

Participant flow and follow-up89

Study outcome94

15 Discussion 讨论96

Evaluate the results -not the authors100

Avoid claiming priority100

The reference-13 trick101

16 Acknowledgments 致谢103

Always give credit for financial support104

17 References 参考文献106

Vancouver versus Harvard style？107

Accuracy of references and quotations112

Your own author name114

Chinese names114

Anonymous115

Record titles in the language of publication117

Names of journals118

How to refer to World Wide Web118

18 Ph.D.and other doctoral theses 博士学位论文120

Compilations： the theses of the future121

Contributors122

Thesis at a glance124

General introduction124

Aims125

Methods and results126

General discussion127

Acknowledgments128

Cover illustration129

A fresh look130

The structure of the thesis overview131

19 Letters and case reports 快报及事例报告134

The thalidomide letter134

Transforming a paper into a letter136

Case reports136

20 Numbers 数字140

Two numbers side by side141

Decimal point142

Thousands 142

Numbers with several zeros142

Quotients of units143

Percentages144

Rounding to two significant digits145

Enumeration146

What do we mean by“ often”？146

21 Abbreviations 缩写词147

Units of measure148

General principles149

22 How to present statistical results 呈现统计结果151

Using mean when median is meant152

Using standard error instead of standard deviation153

Failure to distinguish between statistical significance and biological importance153

Selected presentation of multiple statistical testing154

Overinterpretation of subgroup effects155

Using relative instead of absolute figures156

Some further comments157

23 Typing 打印159

Do not mimic the journal’s style169

The length of the manuscript169

The importance of punctuation170

24 Dealing with editors and referees 编辑与审稿人172

Do referees delay？173

Unpublished work174

Shortening the manuscript175

Accepted or rejected176

25 Correcting proofs 校对178

How to read proof178

What to correct179

Correction marks180

Electronic proof181

26 Authors’ responsibilities 作者的职责184

Subjects’ right to privacy184

Duplicate submission185

Borrowing published material186

Saving your original data190

Literature needed on your desk193

On phraseology193

On synonyms193

On manuscript preparation193

On how to abbreviate a journal’ s title193

Further reading 进一步阅读194

Guides to writing194

Punctuation195

The English language195

Style manuals195

Illustrations195

Statistics195

Literature cited 引用文献196

Index 索引203