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One：Ancient Civilizations1

Introduction1

1．c．1900 B．C．：the dawn of man＇s written law4

Hammurabi＇s CODE OF LAWS4

2．c．1380 B．C．：＂Sole God，to whom no other is likened＂Ikhnaton＇s6

HYMN TO THE SUN6

3．c．1200 B．C．：the code of God＇s law9

The Mosaic Law．FROM EXODUS，CHAPTERS 20 AND 219

4．490 B．C．：Greek freemen v．Persian despotism13

Herodotus＇Description of the Battle of Marathon．FROM THE PERSIAN WARS13

5．431 B．C．：a scientific concept of history17

Thucydides on History．FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR17

6．431 B．C．：the golden age of Athens19

Pericles＇Funeral Oration．THUCYDIDES，FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR19

7．330 B．C．：political society and the good life23

Aristotle on the Nature of the State．FROM THE POLITICS23

8．217 B．C．：the clash of Mediterranean interests30

Livy＇s Description of the Roman Defeat at Lake Trasimenus．FROM THE HISTORY OF ROME30

9．c．150 B．C．：the basis of Roman greatness34

Polybius on the Roman Constitution．FROM THE HISTORIES34

10．14 A．D．：the end of the Roman Republic41

The Evolution of Rome from Republic to Empire．TACITUS，FROM THE ANNALS41

11．c．100 A．D．：two lives and two civilizations43

Plutarch＇s Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero．FROM THE PARALLEL LIVES43

Two：Christianity：From Persecution to Establishment49

Introduction49

12．64 A．D．：early Christians under the Empire51

Nero＇s Persecution of Roman Christians．TACITUS，FROM THE ANNALS51

13．113：the spread of the new faith53

Correspondence between Pliny and Trajan．PLINY，FROM THE LETTERS53

14．c．175：popular distrust of the new religion56

A Pagan＇s Description of Christian Services．FROM THE OCTAVIUS OF MINUCIUS FELIX56

15．303：scapegoats of a declining Rome58

Eusebius＇Description of the Diocletian Persecutions．FROM THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY58

16．313：freedom of conscience in the Empire61

THE EDICT OF MILAN61

17．380：the establishment of Christianity63

Edicts Proscribing Paganism．THE EDICTS DE FIDE CATHOLICA(THE CATHOLIC FAITH)63

Three：Barbarian Invasions and the Early Middle Ages66

Introduction66

18．98 A．D．：the people beyond the Empire＇s frontier68

Tacitus on the Early Germans．FROM THE GERMANIA68

19．375：the invading Asiatic nomads77

Ammianus Marcellinus on the Huns．FROM THE ROMAN HISTORY77

20．413：the earthly and the heavenly cities81

The Two Cities of St．Augustine．FROM THE CITY OF GOD81

21．496：orthodoxy v．arianism85

The Conversion of Clovis．GREGORY OF TOURS，FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FRANKS85

22．530：the rise of monasticism88

St．Benedict＇s Rules on Obedience and Hospitality．FROM THE RULE FOR MONASTERIES88

23．c．800：emperor of Catholic Christendom91

Einhard＇s Description of Charlemagne．FROM THE LIFE OF THE EMPEROR CHARLES91

Four：Medieval Society and Civilization96

Introduction96

24．1059：free papal elections98

The Lateran Decree．DECREE OF POPE NICHOLAS II98

25．1095：religious fervor and adventure100

Urban II Calls for a Crusade．THE ACCOUNT OF ROBERT THE MONK100

26．1110-1278：the medieval social order104

The Feudal Relationship．AN ACT OF HOMAGE AND ITS RECEPTION，1110104

MANUMISSION OF SERF，1278108

27．1122：lay investiture and ecclesiastical elections109

The Concordat of Worms．THE PRONOUNCEMENT OF CALIXTUS II109

THE PROMISE OF HENRY V110

28．1215：English barons and royal authority111

The Magna Charta．JUNE 15，1215111

29．1215：the revival of learning115

RULES FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS115

30．c．1225：the troubandor of God119

St．Francis＇＂Praises of the Creatures．＂HYMN TO BROTHER SUN119

31．c．1260：the unity of truth120

St．Thomas Aquinas，That the Philosopher and the Theologian Consider Creatures in Different Ways．FROM THE SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES120

32．1295：＂let that which toucheth all be approved by all＂122

Summonses to the Model English Parliament．SUMMONS OF A BISHOP122

SUMMONS OF A BARON124

SUMMONS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF SHIRES AND TOWNS124

33．1356：the election of the King of the Romans125

＂THE GOLDEN BULL＂OF CHARLES IV125

34．c．1380：the expanding horizon of the European world128

Marco Polo＇s Description of the Great Khan＇s Palace．FROM THE TRAVELS128

35．1381：the peasants＇revolt130

Wat Tyler＇s Rebellion．FROM THE CHRONICLES OF SIR JOHN FROISSART130

Five：Renaissance，Protestant Revolt，Catholic Reform137

Introduction137

36．1475-1564：the renaissance artist140

Vasari＇s Description of Michelangelo．FROM LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT PAINTERS，SCULPTORS AND ARCHITECTS140

37．1519：the priesthood of all believers143

Luther＇s Appeal to the German Nobility．FROM AN ADDRESS TO THE CHRISTIAN NOBILITY OF THE GERMAN NATION ON THE REFORMATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH143

38．1529-1551：miracle or mystical union？146

Doctrinal Divergences on Transubstantiation．LUTHERAN POSITION，1529146

CALVINIST POSITION，c．1535147

CATHOLIC DEFINITION，155149

39．1532：a handbook for renaissance rulers151

Machiavelli＇s Advice to Despots．FROM THE PRINCE151

40．1534：the establishment of a national church in England157

THE ACT OF SUPREMACY157

41．1536：voyages to discovery and the New World158

Richard Hakluyt，the Voyage of M．Hore and Divers Other Gentlemen，to Newfoundland，and Cape Breton．FROM THE PRINCIPALL NAVIGATIONS，VOIAGES，AND DISCOVERIES OF THE ENGLISH NATION158

42．1537：reform within the Catholic Church162

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF NINE TO POPE PAUL III162

Six：The Age of Genius and Dynastic Statecraft166

Introduction166

43．1598：the divine right of kings168

James I on Divine Right Rule．FROM THE TREW LAW OF FREE MONARCHIES：OR THE RECIPROCK AND MUTUALL DUETIE BETWIXT A FREE KING，AND HIS NATURALL SUBJECTS168

44．1610：the structure of the universe172

Galileo＇s Observational Astronomy．FROM THE STARRY MESSENGER172

45．1628：English guarantees against despotism176

THE PETITION OF RIGHT176

46．1629：wars of religion in Germany180

THE EDICT OF RESTITUTION OF FERDINAND II180

47．c．1670：the education of a seventeenth-century prince182

Louis XIV＇s Instructions on Statecraft．LOUIS XIV，FROM HIS MEMOIRS182

48．1687：the Ruler of the heavens184

Isaac Newton on the Universe．FROM THE PRINCIPIA184

49．1698：the＂westernizer＂of Russia189

Bishop Burnet＇s Description of Peter and Great．FROM HISTORY OF MY OWN TIMES189

50．1704：war for the Spanish throne191

The Battle of Blenheim．THE DUEK OF SAINTSIMON，FROM HIS MEMOIRS191

51．c．1760：first servant of the state196

FREDERICK THE GREAT ON A KING＇S DUTIES196

52．1798：the problem of overpopulation199

The Malthusian Theory of Population．THOMAS MALTHUS，FROM AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION199

53．1817：the commodity of labor202

David Ricardo＇s＂Iron Law of Wages．＂FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY202

Seven：The French Revolution and Napoleon207

Introduction207

54．1789：＂the will of the people210

＂The Oath of the Tennis Court．JUNE 20，1789210

55．1789：the abolition of the feudal system211

THE AUGUST 4TH REFORMS211

56．1790：in defense of established order215

Edmund Burke on the French Revolution．FROM REFLECTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION IN FRANCE215

57．1790：creation of a fundamental division in France220

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy．JULY 12，1790220

58．1792：moving towards a republic223

Thomas Paine＇s REPUBLICAN MANIFESTO223

59．1792：foreign intervention225

The Brunswick Manifesto．JULY 25，1792225

60．1793：nobilization in defense of the Republic230

The＂Levée en Masse．＂AUGUST 23，1793230

61．1793：the Reign of Terror232

The Law of Suspects．SEPTEMBER 17，1793232

62．1796：general of the Republic234

Napoleon to his Soldiers in Italy．HEADQUARTERS AT CHERASCO，7TH FLOREAL，YEAR IV[APRIL 26，1796]234

63．1808：emperor of the French236

Napoleon to the Spanish People．IMPERIAL CAMP AT MADRID，DECEMBER 7，1808236

Eight：Nineteenth-Century Political and Social Development236

Introduction239

64．1815：peace by concerted action241

The Quadruple Alliance．TREATY OF ALLIANCE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AUSTRIA，PRUSSIA，AND RUSSIA．PARIS，NOVEMBER 20，1815241

65．1832：constitutional revolt of the middle class245

British Reform Act．AN ACT TO AMEND THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE IN ENGLAND AND WALES，JUNE 7，1832245

66．1842：child labor and the industrial revolution248

THE REPORT OF LORD ASHLEY＇S MINE COMMISSION248

67．1848：the class struggle251

Karl Marx＇s Protest against the＂Capitalistic System．＂FROM THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO251

68．1852：＂the Empire means peace＂254

Louis Napoleon＇s＂Empire Speech＂at Bordeaux．OCTOBER 9，1852254

69．1859：the survival of the fittest256

The Darwinian Theory of Evolution．CHARLES DARWIN，FROM ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION256

70．1861：the ideally best form of government259

John Stuart Mill＇s Defense of Representative Democracy．FROM CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT259

71．1861：Russian social reform265

Alexander II Frees the Serfs．MARCH 3，1861265

72．1891：rights and duties of Capital and Labor269

Rerum Novarum．MAY 15，1891269

73．1911：limiting the Lords275

The Parliament Bill．AN ACT TO MAKE PROVISIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE POWERS OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS IN RELATION TO THOSE OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS．．．，AUGUST 18，1911275

Nine：Alliances and World War I278

Introduction278

74．1862：the rise of the German state280

Bismarck＇s＂Blood and Iron＂Speech．SEPTEMBER 30，1862280

75．1870：maneuvering for war281

Bismarck＇s Alteration of the Ems Dispatch．FROM HIS REMINISCENCES281

76．1871：the end of the Franco-Prussian War286

The Treaty of Frankfurt．DEFINITIVE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN FRANCE AND GERMANY．FRANKFURT，MAY 10，1871286

77．1882：the building of power alliances290

The Triple Alliance．FIRST TREATY OF ALLIANCE BETWEEN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY，GERMANY，AND ITALY．VIENNA，MAY 20，1882290

78．1914：the coming of World War I292

Austria＇s Ultimatum to Serbia．THE AUSTROHUNGARIAN MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO THE MINISTER AT BELGRADE．VIENNA，JULY 22，1914292

79．1918：the conditions for peace297

Woodrow Wilson＇s Fourteen Points．ADDRESS TO A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS，JANUARY 8，1918297

80．1919：international organization for world peace300

THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS300

Ten：Background to World War II306

Introduction306

81．1917：the call for a social revolution309

Soviet Workers＇Appeal to the Russian People．IZVESTIA，MARCH 13，1917309

82．1917：the end of the Kerensky regime310

The Bolsheviks Overthrow the Provisional Government．IZVESTIA，NOVEMBER 7，1917310

83．1920：nationalism and socialism313

The Early Program of the Nazi Party．THE TWENTY-FIVE POINTS，FEBRUARY 24，1920313

84．1933：Nazi seizure of dictatorial powers317

Hitler＇s Enabling Act．BERLIN．MARCH 24，1933317

85．1935：the＂master race＂and anti-Semitism319

The Nuremberg Laws of Race and Citizenship．SEPTEMBER 15，1935319

86．1936：defense of＂parallel interests＂321

Mussolini＇s Speech Announcing the Rome-Berlin Axis．MILAN，NOVEMBER 1，1936321

87．1937：modern ideologies325

Pope Pius XI＇s Condemnation of Nazism and Communism．FROM MIT BRENNENDER SORGE，MARCH 14，1937325

FROM DIVINI REDEMPTORIS，MARCH 19，1937328

88．1938：＂peace for our time＂331

The Munich Agreement．SEPTEMBER 29，1938331

89．1939：last step toward war334

The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact．MOSCOW，AUGUST 23，1939334

Eleven：The Tensions of Peace336

Introduction336

90．1941：allied war aims339

The Atlantic Charter．AUGUST 14，1941339

91．1945：organization for world peace and security341

Selections from the United Nations Charter．OCTOBER 24，1945341

92．1946：the threat of communist aggression347

Winston Churchill＇s＂Iron Curtain＂Speech．WESTMINSTER COLLEGE，FULTON，MISSOURI，MARCH 5，1946347

93．1946：the danger of atomic war354

Bernard Baruch＇s Proposals for Control of Atomic Energy．PROPOSALS FOR AN INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY，JUNE 14，1946354

94．1947：economic aid to Europe358

Announcement of the Marshall Plan．EUROPEAN INITIATIVE ESSENTIAL TO EUROPEAN RECOVERY，JUNE 5，1947358

95．1948：fundamental human freedoms362

The Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man．DECEMBER 10，1948362

96．1949：security in the North Atlantic368

The North Atlantic Treaty．APRIL 4，1949368

97．1958：the temper of the age372

Charles Malik on Future Steps towards Peace．NOVEMBER 15，1958372