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Chapter 1 Applying Words Properly1

1.1　Types of words1

1.1.1 Common words,technical words and nonstandard words1

1.1.2　Formal words and colloquial words1

1.1.3　Abstract words and concrete words2

1.1.4　General words and specific words3

1.2 Meanings of words3

1.2.1　Polysemy3

1.2.2　Denotation and connotation3

1.2.3　Context and meaning4

1.3 Synonyms4

1.4 The use of words6

1.4.1　Collocation6

1.4.2　The usage of a word7

1.4.3　Variety in using words7

1.5　Idiom9

1.6　Diction10

1.7　Exercises11

Chapter 2　Writing Correct and Effective Sentences13

2.1　Types of sentences13

2.1.1　Classified according to the elements13

2.1.2　Classified according to function14

2.1.3　Classified according to structure14

2.1.4　Classified according to length15

2.1.5　Classified according to rhetoric16

2.1.6　Exercises17

2.2　Effective sentences18

2.2.1　Unity18

2.2.2　Conciseness19

2.2.3　Clarity21

2.2.4 Coherence22

2.2.5 Variety23

2.2.6 Emphasis within sentences25

2.2.7 Emphatic sentences27

2.2.8 Exercises29

2.3 Sentence skills30

2.3.1 Complete sentences,minor sentences and sentence fragments31

2.3.2 Coherence and incoherence32

2.3.3 Fused sentences or run-on sentences36

2.3.4 Comma splices and comma faults36

2.4 Effective sentence patterns for English writing37

2.5 Exercises46

Chapter 3 Paragraph48

3.1 Isolated paragraph48

3.1.1 Controlling idea48

3.1.2 Support of the controlling idea49

3.2 Five-paragraph writing50

3.2.1 Introductory paragraph51

3.2.2 Topic sentence52

3.2.3 Central paragraph57

3.2.4 Concluding paragraph58

3.2.5 Transitional words and phrases60

3.2.6 Developing paragraph61

3.2.7 Exercises88

Chapter 4 Writing a Whole Essay105

4.1 Steps in writing a whole essay105

4.1.1 Planning105

4.1.2 Drafting108

4.1.3 Revision109

4.1.4 Finalizing110

4.2 Main parts of an essay110

4.2.1 The opening part110

4.2.2 The developing part111

4.2.3 The closing part111

4.3 Types of writing111

4.3.1 Description111

4.3.2 Narration115

4.3.3 Argumentation118

4.3.4 Exposition120

4.4 Exercises134

Chapter 5 Practical Writing135

5.1 Letters135

5.1.1 Introduction135

5.1.2 Format of letters136

5.1.3 Letters of introduction141

5.1.4 Job application letters142

5.1.5 Application for admittance145

5.1.6 Exercises148

5.2 Resume148

5.2.1 Brief introduction148

5.2.2 Content and organization149

5.2.3 Sample writing152

5.2.4 Exercises154

5.3 Brief messages154

5.3.1 Notes154

5.3.2 Greeting cards167

5.3.3 Notices169

5.3.4 Fax messages170

5.3.5 E-mails172

5.3.6 Exercises173

Chapter 6 CET Writing175

6.1 Introduction of CET writing175

6.1.1 Requirements175

6.1.2 Principles of scoring175

6.1.3 Standards of scoring175

6.2 Analysis on types of writing176

6.2.1 Topic sentence composition176

6.2.2 Key words composition177

6.2.3 Outline composition178

6.2.4 Composition based on tables,graphs,charts,etc180

Chapter 7 Writing a Research Paper182

7.1 Steps in writing a research paper182

7.1.1 Choosing a suitable topic182

7.1.2 Collecting useful data for your paper183

7.1.3 Analyzing materials and forming the outline184

7.1.4 Drafting the paper185

7.1.5 Revision and finalizing186

7.2 The format of a research paper187

7.2.1 The structure of a paper187

7.2.2 Using quotations187

7.2.3 The format for adding notes and the final bibliography188

7.3 Exercises192

Chapter 8 Using Rhetoric Appropriately194

8.1 Lexical stylistic devices194

8.1.1 Simile194

8.1.2 Metaphor195

8.1.3 Metonymy195

8.1.4 Synecdoche195

8.1.5 Personification196

8.1.6 Hyperbole196

8.1.7 Understatement197

8.1.8 Transferred epithet197

8.1.9 Euphemism197

8.1.10 Pun198

8.1.11 Irony198

8.1.12 Paradox198

8.1.13 Oxymoron199

8.1.14 Allusion199

8.2 Syntactical stylistic devices200

8.2.1 Repetition200

8.2.2 Climax200

8.2.3 Anticlimax201

8.2.4 Antithesis201

8.2.5 Parallelism202

8.2.6 Rhetorical question203

8.2.7 Inversion203

8.3 Phonetic stylistic devices203

8.3.1 Alliteration203

8.3.2 Assonance204

8.3.3 Consonance204

8.4 Exercises205

Chapter 9 Punctuation and Manuscript Form207

9.1 The functions of ordinary punctuation marks207

9.1.1 Comma(,)207

9.1.2 Period(.)208

9.1.3 Question mark(?)209

9.1.4 Exclamation mark(!)209

9.1.5 Colon(:)209

9.1.6 Semicolon(;)210

9.1.7 Quotation marks(" ")210

9.1.8 Parentheses(())211

9.1.9 Dash(—)212

9.1.10 Ellipsis points(...)212

9.2 Manuscript form212

9.2.1 Pages212

9.2.2 Title212

9.2.3 Indention213

9.2.4 Italics213

9.2.5 Capitalization213

9.3 Exercises214

Appendix216

Answers to exercises219

References236