FORMALITIES IN COPYRIGHT LAW AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR HISTORY2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1. The Challenges for Copyright in the Digital Era3

1.1.1. Establishing Legal Certainty Regarding Copyright Claims3

1.1.2. Improving the Clearance of Copyright5

1.1.3. Enhancing the Free Flow of Information7

1.2. The Current Debate about Copyright Formalities9

1.3. Definition of the Problem11

1.4. Methodology and Outline of the Book12

Chapter 2 The Role and Functions of Formalities in Intellectual Property Law15

2.1. The Different Types of Formalities17

2.1.1. Registration18

2.1.2. Renewal19

2.1.3. Recordation20

2.1.4. Deposit22

2.1.5. Notices24

2.2. The Nature and Legal Effects of Formalities27

2.2.1. Constitutive Formalities27

2.2.2. Maintenance Formalities28

2.2.3. Declaratory Formalities29

2.2.4. Situation-specific Formalities30

2.3. The Functions of Formalities31

2.3.1. Filtering Function31

2.3.2. Demarcation Function35

2.3.2.1. The Applicant's Claim for Protection35

2.3.2.2. The Examination Procedure38

2.3.2.3. Opposition or Invalidation by the Court41

2.3.3. Signalling and Publicity Function43

2.3.4. Evidentiary Function45

2.3.5. Information Function47

2.4. Conclusion50

Chapter 3 The History of Formalities in National Copyright Law53

3.1. The Origins of Formalities in the Pre-History of Copyright Law55

3.1.1. The System of Book Privileges58

3.1.1.1. Licence to Print From the Censor59

3.1.1.2. Early Notice Requirements63

3.1.1.3. Registration of Licences and Book Privileges65

3.1.1.4. Legal Deposit of Copies of Books67

3.1.2. The System of Stationers' Copyright71

3.1.3. The Dual Nature of the Early Book Formalities74

3.2. Formalities in Early Modern Copyright Law75

3.2.1. An Overview of Formalities in National Copyright Law76

3.2.1.1. United Kingdom77

3.2.1.2. Continental Europe77

3.2.1.3. United States of America78

3.2.2. The Nature and Legal Effects of the Early Copyright Formalities80

3.2.2.1. United Kingdom80

3.2.2.2. Continental Europe82

3.2.2.3. United States of America83

3.2.3. Explaining the Differences in Attitude Towards Formalities85

3.2.3.1. The Influence of 'Old' Book Formalities85

3.2.3.2. The Position of the Author86

3.2.3.3. The Focus on Public Welfare and Social Utility88

3.3. Formalities in Modern Copyright Law89

3.3.1. The Development of Formalities in National Copyright Law90

3.3.1.1. United Kingdom90

3.3.1.2. Continental Europe92

3.3.1.3. United States of America94

3.3.2. The Change of Perspective vis-a-vis Formalities in Europe97

3.3.2.1. The Increased Person-Oriented Nature of Copyright98

3.3.2.2. The Functions of Copyright Formalities101

3.3.2.3. Some Important Conceptual Innovations and Transformations107

3.3.2.4. The Negligible Effects on Dutch and UK Copyright Law110

3.3.3. The Continuation of Formalities in the US112

3.4. Conclusion113

Chapter 4 The Prohibition onFormalities in International Copyright Law117

4.1. International Copyright Prior to the Berne Convention118

4.1.1. The Recognition of Copyright in Foreign Works118

4.1.2. The Plethora of Formalities in Early Bilateral Agreements121

4.1.3. The Growing Resistance Against the Excess of Formalities123

4.2. The Pre-Berne Debates on International Copyright124

4.2.1. The Necessity of Formalities for Copyright Protection125

4.2.1.1. The 1858 Conference on Literary and Artistic Property125

4.2.1.2. The 1878 International Conference on Artistic Property128

4.2.2. The Necessity of Subjecting Foreign Authors to Formalities131

4.2.2.1. The 1858 Conference on Literary and Artistic Property131

4.2.2.2. The 1878 Conferences on Literary and Artistic Property133

4.3. The Berne Convention and the Prohibition on Formalities135

4.3.1. The 1886 Berne Convention135

4.3.1.1. The Choice for a Treaty Based on National Treatment136

4.3.1.2. The Country of Origin Rule With Respect to Formalities138

4.3.1.3. Supplementary Provisions139

4.3.2. The 1896 Paris Revision140

4.3.3. The 1908 Berlin Revision144

4.3.3.1. The Continuing Problems Caused by Formalities144

4.3.3.2. The Prohibition on Formalities146

4.3.4. Subsequent Revisions149

4.4. The Universal Copyright Convention149

4.5. Formalities in Subsequent Treaties152

4.5.1. The Film Register Treaty152

4.5.2. The TRIPS Agreement153

4.5.3. The WIPO Copyright Treaty154

4.6. Conclusion155

Chapter 5 Contextualizing the International Prohibition on Copyright Formalities159

5.1. The Scope of Application of the Prohibition on Formalities161

5.1.1. The Territorial Scope of the Prohibition on Formalities161

5.1.2. The Substantive Scope of the Prohibition on Formalities164

5.1.2.1. Preliminary Observations164

5.1.2.2. Subject Matter of Protection168

5.1.2.3. Excl usi ve Rights171

5.1.2.4. Duration of Protection175

5.1.3. The Addressees of the Prohibition on Formalities176

5.2. The Formalities to which the Prohibition Applies177

5.2.1. The 'Conditions and Formalities' in the 1886 Text179

5.2.1.1. Formalities ('Conditions Formelles')180

5.2.1.2. Conditions ('Conditions Matérieiles')180

5.2.1.3. Some Explicit Exceptions183

5.2.2. The 'Formalities' in the 1908 and Current Texts184

5.2.2.1. The Need for Adjustment of Terminology184

5.2.2.2. The German Proposition186

5.2.2.3. The Interpretation of the Word 'Formalities' in Practice187

5.2.2.4. Examples of 'Conditions' Excluded from the Prohibition188

5.2.3. Conclusion192

5.3. Formalities as to the Enjoyment and the Exercise of Copyright193

5.3.1. Formalities as to the ' Enjoyment' of Copyright194

5.3.1.1. The Coming Into Existence of Copyright195

5.3.1.2. The Maintenance of Copyright199

5.3.2. Formalities as to the 'Exercise' of Copyright200

5.3.2.1. The Enforcement of Copyright201

5.3.2.2. The Transfer of Copyright203

5.3.2.3. The Management of Copyright206

5.4. Conclusion211

Chapter 6 Relativizing the Legal-Theoretical Concerns with Copyright Formalities215

6.1. Introduction to the Concept of Copyright as a Natural Right216

6.2. The Property Rights Theory of Copyright219

6.2.1. The Philosophical Foundation of Property219

6.2.1.1. The Lockean Labour Theory of Property221

6.2.1.2. The Regulation of Property in the Civil Society223

6.2.1.3. Property by Labour in the Civil Society225

6.2.1.4. Conclusion227

6.2.2. The Idea of Copyright as a Natural Property Right228

6.2.2.1. The Recognition of Property in Intellectual Works229

6.2.2.2. The Disentanglement of Copyright and Formalities235

6.2.3. The Regulation of Private Property Rights238

6.2.3.1. The Codification of Natural Property Rights239

6.2.3.2. Justifications for Limiting Private Property241

6.2.3.3. Formalities Associated With Property Rights244

6.3. The Personality Rights Theory of Copyright247

6.3.1. The Philosophical Foundation of Personality Rights247

6.3.1.1. Kant's 'On the Injustice of Reprinting Books'248

6.3.1.2. Fichte's 'Proof of the Illegality of Reprinting'251

6.3.1.3. Hegel's 'Elements of the Philosophy of right'253

6.3.2. The Idea of Copyright as a Right of Personality258

6.3.2.1. The Recognition of a Copyright Deriving From Personality259

6.3.2.2. The Disentanglement of Copyright and Formalities261

6.3.3. The Regulation of Other Personality-Related Rights263

6.3.3.1. The Codification of Personality-Related Rights264

6.3.3.2. The Natural Inherent Limitations of Personal Liberties265

6.3.3.3. Formalities Associated With Personality Rights267

6.4. The Idea of Copyright as a Fundamental Right268

6.4.1. The Fundamental Right to Protection of Creations of the Mind270

6.4.2. The Fundamental Right of Property272

6.4.2.1. Formalities Establishing Title Conditions273

6.4.2.2. Formalities Affecting the Exercise of Rights275

6.4.2.3. Formalities Affecting the Enforcement of Rights277

6.4.2.4. Formalities Affecting Pre-Existing Rights279

6.4.3. The Fundamental Rights Related to Personality280

6.5. Evaluation and Assessment283

Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusion285

7.1. Formalities and Their Possible Role in Copyright Law286

7.2. Copyright Formalities and Their Abolition in Historical Context287

7.3. Reintroducing Formalities: An International Law Perspective288

7.4. Reintroducing Formalities: A Legal-Theoretical Exposition290

7.5. The Way Forward: Changing the Prohibition on Formalities?291

7.6. Alternative Rules for Formalities at the International Level292

7.7. Closing Remarks294

Bibliography297

Index325