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GENERAL INTRODUCTION1

Section 1 Fundaments ofImmunology1

Chapter 1 Immunity1

Innate Immunity1

Adaptive Immunity2

Chapter 2 Immune Cells3

Phagocytes3

Lymphocytes4

Antigen Presenting Cells6

Chapter 3 Lymphoid Tissues and Organs7

Primary Lymphoid Organs7

Secondary(peripheral)Lymphoid Tissues and Organs8

Lymphocyte Traffic and Recirculation10

Chapter 4 Pathological Immunity and Immune Diseases11

Section 2 Brief History and Prospect of Immunology12

Chapter 1 Empirical Immunology12

Chapter 2 Scientific Immunology13

Discovery of Pathogens and Application of Vaccines13

Discovery and Application of Antibodies13

Cellular Immunity14

Immunological Tolerance15

Burnet's Clonal Selection Theory15

Chapter 3 Modern Immunology16

Diversity of Antigen Receptors16

Discovery of Signal Transduction Pathway16

Discovery of Programmed Cell Death17

Hematogenesis and Development of Immune Cells17

Immunological Application18

Prospect of Immunology19

IMMUNE MOLECULES20

Section 3 Antigen20

Chapter 1 Properties of Antigen20

Chapter 2 Characteristics of Antigen20

Specificity20

Foreignness22

Chapter 3 Factors Influencing Immunogenicity22

Physicochemical Properties of Antigens23

Effect of Host23

Mode of Contact23

Chapter 4 Classification of Antigens24

TD-Ag and TI-Ag24

Classification Based on Relationship with Host25

Chapter 5 Non-specific Stimulators25

Super Antigen25

Adjuvant25

Mitogen26

Section 4 Immunoglobulins28

Chapter 1 Organization of Immunoglobulins28

Molecular Structure of Immunoglobulins28

J Chain and Secretory Component31

Enzymatic Digestion Products of Immunoglobulins31

Chapter 2 Immunoglobulin Classes and Subclasses33

Immunoglobulin Classes,Subclasses and Types33

Isotypes,Allotypes and Idiotypes of Immunoglobulins34

Chapter 3 Biological Activities of Immunoglobulins35

Activities of Variable Regions35

Activities of Constant Regions35

Chapter 4 Biological Properties and Functions of Immunoglobulin Classes36

IgG36

IgA37

IgM37

IgD37

IgE38

Chapter 5 Antibody Technology38

Section 5 The Complement System41

Chapter 1 Introduction41

Component of Complement System41

Nomenclature41

Chapter 2 Pathways of Complement Activation42

Classical Pathway42

The Lectin Pathway46

Alternative Pathway47

Terminal Sequence and the Membrane Attack Complex47

Chapter 3 Regulation of Complement System Activation48

Self-regulation48

Fluid-Phase Regulator49

Solid-Phase Regulator49

Chapter 4 Biological Consequences of Complement Activation50

Cell Lysis50

Opsonization and Phagocytosis50

Viral Neutralization50

Inflammation50

Regulation of Cells51

Clearance of Immune Complex52

Section 6 Cytokines53

Chapter 1 Introduction53

Chapter 2 Classification and Biological Activities of Cytokines55

Interleukins55

Tumor Necrosis Factor56

Interferon57

Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors59

Transforming Growth Factor60

Chemokines61

Chapter 3 Cytokine Receptors62

IL-1 Receptor64

TNF-α Receptors64

IL-2 Receptor64

Chemokine Receptor65

Chapter 4 Clinical Application65

Section 7 Major Histocompatible Complex66

Chapter 1 Structure and Genetics of MHC66

Classical MHC Gene Complex66

MHC Molecules67

Other MHC Genes69

Chapter 2 MHC Polymorphism69

Concept of Polymorphism69

Linkage Disequilibrium and Haplotype70

Generation and Significance of MHC Polymorphism71

Chapter 3 Peptide-MHC Interaction71

Molecular Basis71

Characteristics72

Chapter 4 HLA and Clinical Medicine73

HLA and Graft Rejection73

HLA Related-Diseases74

HLA and Diseases75

Section 8 Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens and Adhesion Molecules76

Chapter 1 Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens76

Concept of Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens76

Concept of Cluster of Differentiation76

Chapter 2 Cell Adhesion Molecules76

Intergrin Family77

Selectin Family79

Immunoglobulin Superfamily80

Functions of Cell Adhesion Molecules80

Chapter 3 Clinical Application of CD Molecules,Cam and Monoclonal Antibodies Against CD Molecules and Cam82

Elucidation of Pathogenesis82

Diagnosis and Prognosis in Clinical Use83

Prevention and Treatment for Diseases83

IMMUNE CELLS84

Section 9 Hematopoietic Stem Cells84

Chapter 1 Origin and Surface Markers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells84

Origin of Hematopoietic Stem Cells84

Surface Markers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells84

Chapter 2 Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells86

The Factors Affect Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells86

Development of Lineage-Committed Progenitors87

Section 10 Cells ofInnate Immunity89

Chapter 1 Phase of Innate Immunity89

Chapter 2 Cells of Innate Immunity89

Epithelials89

Phagocytes90

Neutrophils90

Mononuclear Phagocytes:the Monocyte-Macrophage System94

NK Cells96

γ：δ T Cells96

B1 B Cells98

NK T Cells99

Chapter 3 Receptors of Innate Cells99

Pattern-Recognition Receptors99

Toll Like Receptors100

Section 11 T Lymphocytes101

Chapter 1 T Cell Ontogeny101

Stages of Thymocyte Development101

Positive and Negative Selection of Thymocytes101

Chapter 2 Surface Proteins of T Lymphocytes103

TCR-CD3 Complex103

CD4 and CD8 Coreceptors104

Costimulatory Molecules104

Mitogen Receptors105

Chapter 3 T Lymphocytes Subsets and Functions106

Helper T Lymphocytes106

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes107

Memory T Cells107

Regulatory T Cells108

Section 12 B Lymphocytes109

Chapter 1 Development of B Lymphocytes109

The B Cells Development in the Bone Marrow109

The B Cells Maturation in Germinal Centers110

Chapter 2 Surface Markers of B Lymphocytes110

BCR Complex110

Surrogate BCR Complex111

Other Surface Markers111

Chapter 3 Subsets and Functions of B Lymphocytes112

B1 Cells and Their Functions113

B2 Cells and Their Functions113

Immune Regulation114

Section 13 Organization and Diversity of Antigen Receptor Genes115

Chapter 1 Structure of Antigen Receptor Genes115

The Gene Structure of BCR115

The Gene Structure of TCR116

Chapter 2 Rearrangement of Antigen Receptor Genes117

Chapter 3 The Diversity Antigen Receptor Genes119

BCR119

TCR120

IMMUNE RESPONSE121

Section 14 Innate Immune Response121

Chapter 1 Components Involved in Innate Immune Response121

The Skin and the Mucosal Surfaces121

Immune Cells Involved in Innate Immune Response121

Humoral Proteins of Innate Immunity122

Chapter 2 The Recognition Mechanism of Innate Immune Response123

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattersn(PAMPs)123

Pattern Recognition Receptor(PRR)124

Chapter 3 The Biological Significance of Innate Immune Response124

Section 15 Antigen Presentation126

Chapter 1 Antigen Presenting Cells126

MPS126

Antigen Processing and Presentation by Dendritic Cells127

Antigen Processing and Presentation by B Lymphocytes129

Chapter 2 Antigen Processing and Presentation129

Processing of Exogenous and Endogenous Antigens130

MHC and Antigen Processing and Presentation133

CD1 Related Antigen Presentation134

Section 16 T Cells Recognitions and Responses of Antigens136

Chapter 1 T Cells Recognition of Antigens137

Chapter 2 Signals for T Cells Activation138

Stimulators of T Cells Activation138

Double Signals for T Cells Activation138

Chapter 3 Signal Transduction of T Cell Activation140

Receptor Cross-Iinking140

Cytoplamic Signaling by TCR141

Chapter 4 Transcription Factor Activation and Gene Expression143

Chapter 5 Functions of Effector T Cells143

Functions of CD4+TH1 Cells143

Functions of CD8+Cytotoxic T Cells143

Section 17 B Cell Recognition and Response of Antigens147

Chapter 1 B Cell Response to T Cell-Dependent Antigen147

Clonal Selection and Antigen Recognition of B Cells147

Signaling by BCR Complex and B Cell Coreceptors147

Effects of TH Cells and Interaction Between TH and B Cells149

Development and Differentiation of B Cells in Germinal Centers151

Chapter 2 B Cell Response to T Cell-Independent-Antigen156

B Cell Response to Type 1 of TI Antigens156

B Cell Response to Type 2 of TI Antigens157

Chapter 3 Rules of Antibody Production158

Immunoglobulin Secretion158

Primary and Secondary Response158

Chapter 4 Mucosal Immune Response159

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue159

Secretory Ig and Transcytosis160

Section 18 Immunoregulation161

Chapter 1 Role of Antigen,Antibody and Complement161

Role of Antigen161

Role of Antibody161

Role of Complement162

Chapter 2 Role of Signaling Components and Molecules163

Role of Activating Signaling Components and Molecules163

Role of Suppressing Signaling Components and Molecules165

Chapter 3 Role of Cells166

Role of T Cell Subtypes166

Role of the Idiotypic Network168

Role of Apoptosis168

Chapter 4 Neuroendocrine Immune System Regulation170

Role of Neuroendocrine System170

Immunoregulation Among Population171

Section 19 Immune Tolerance172

Chapter 1 The Development and Representation of Immune Tolerance173

Innate Tolerance173

Acquired Tolerance173

Chapter 2 Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance174

Central Tolerance175

Peripheral Tolerance175

Chapter 3 Immune Tolerance and Clinical Medicine178

Establishment and Maintenance of Immune Tolerance178

Abrogation of Immune Tolerance179

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY180

Section 20 Hypersensitivity180

Chapter 1 Type Ⅰ Hypersensitivity181

Component and Cells181

Immune Pathogenesis182

Type Ⅰ Hypersensitivity-Associated Diseases184

Therapy for Type Ⅰ Hypersensitivity186

Chapter 2 Type Ⅱ Hypersensitivity186

Immune Pathogenesis187

Type Ⅱ Hypersensitivity-Associated Diseases187

Chapter 3 Type Ⅲ Hypersensitivity190

Immune Pathogenesis190

Type Ⅲ Hypersensitivity-Associated Diseases191

Chapter 4 Type Ⅳ Hypersensitivity192

Immune Pathogenesis192

Diseases caused by Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity193

Section 21 Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases195

Chapter 1 Introduction195

Autoimmunity195

Autoimmune Disease195

Classification196

Characteristics196

Chapter 2 Immunologic Pathogenesis and Typical Diseases197

Autoantibodies Directly Mediated Tissue Damage197

Autoantibodies Modulate Cell Function197

Autoantibodies form Damaging Immune Complexes197

Cell Mediated Immunity in Pathogenesis198

Chapter 3 Factors in Development of Autoimmune198

Autoantigens199

Abnormal Immunoregulation200

Abnormal Expression of Fas/FasL201

Genetic Factors201

Infections202

Chapter 4 Treatment of Autoimmune Disease203

Section 22 Immunodeficiency Diseases205

Chapter 1 Introduction205

Chapter 2 Primary/Congenital Immunodeficiency Diseases205

Congenital B Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders206

Congenital T Cell/Cellular Immunodeficiency Disorders207

Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders208

Complement Deficiencies209

Phagocytic Defects210

Chapter 3 Secondary Immunodeficiency211

HIV and AIDS211

Chapter 4 Treatment of Immunodeficiency213

Section 23 Tumor Immunology215

Chapter 1 Tumor Antigens215

Classification by Specificity of Antigen216

Classification by Origin and Nature of Antigen217

Chapter 2 Mechanisms of Anti-tumor Effects218

Cellular Immunity218

Humoral Immunity219

Chapter 3 Mechanisms of Tumor Escape220

Tumor Cell-Associated Factors220

Host Immune System-associated Factors221

Chapter 4 Tumor Immunodiagnosis221

Chapter 5 Tumor Immunotherapy223

Cellular Immunotherapy224

Humoral Immunotherapy225

Tumor Vaccines226

Section 24 Transplantation Immunology227

Chapter 1 Immunologic Basis of Allograft Rejection227

Attributes of Allograft Rejection227

Target Antigens of Allograft Rejection228

Cell Basis of Allograft Rejection228

Recognition of Alloantigens228

Chapter 2 Allograft Rejection Types and Mechanisms230

HVGR230

GVHR233

Chapter 3 Prevention and Treatment of Allograft Rejection233

Donor Selection233

Immunosuppressive Agents234

Specific Tolerance to Transplantation Antigens236

Section 25 Immunodiagnosis238

Chapter 1 Detection of Antigens and Antibodies238

Principles of Antigen-Antibody Reaction238

Detection ofAntigens and Antibodies238

Chapter 2 Detection of Cellular Immunity243

Lymphocyte Isolation and Phenotyping243

Lymphocyte Function Assays244

Phagocyte Function Assays245

Chapter 3 Clinical Analysis of Immune System bv Molecular Genetic Techniques246

Hybridization246

Polymerase Chain Reaction248

Genome Sequencing248

Chapter 4 Application of Immunologic Tests249

Selection and Evaluation of Immune-Tests249

Clinical Application of Immune-Tests250

Section 26 Immunotherapy251

Chapter 1 Definition and Classification251

Chapter 2 Molecular Immunotherapy251

Molecular Vaccines251

Antibody Immunotherapy251

Cytokine Therapy252

Microbe Antigen Vaccine255

Chapter 3 Cellular Immunotherapy255

Adoptive Immunotherapy255

Stem Cells Transplantation255

Chapter 4 BRMs and Immunosupressors256

BRMs256

Immunosupressor257

Section 27 Immunoprevention261

Chapter 1 Artificial Immunization261

Artificial Active Immunization261

Artificial Passive Immunization263

P1anned Immunization264

Chapter 2 Development of New Vaccines265

Basic Requirements for Vaccines266

Development of New Vaccines266

Chapter 3 Application of Vaccines267

Prevention of Infectious Diseases267

Prevention of Tumor267

Others267

Appendix269

English-Chinese Comparison291