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Chapter 1 Getting Started1

Congratulations！1

CCIE：An Overview2

What Background Do I Need to Become a CCIE？3

Steps in Becoming a CCIE3

CCIE Routing and Switching Expert4

The Tests for CCIE Routing and Switching Expert5

CCIE WAN Switching Expert6

The Tests for CCIE WAN Switching Expert7

CCIE ISP Dial Expert8

The Tests for CCIE ISP Dial Expert9

Recertification for CCIEs9

Gaining the Necessary Cisco Training9

Getting the Most from Your Training by Developing Good Study Habits12

What s Behind Certification Requirements？15

Registering for the Exam17

Tips for Taking the Exams17

Standard Testing Technique18

What to Do If You Fail19

Conclusion20

Chapter 2 Data Link Layer—MAC Layer Issues21

Data Link Layer Addressing21

Data Link Frames22

MAC Addressing24

FDDI Addressing25

Bit Order Transmission25

Ethernet Architecture26

Ethernet Definition26

Ethernet Transmission28

Ethernet Reception30

Full-Duplex Ethernet34

IEEE 802．2 Data Link Service35

Summary of Ethernet Frame Formations and Descriptions37

IEEE 802．3 Frame Format37

IEEE 802．3 SNAP Frame Format37

802．3 Raw Novell Proprietary Frame Format38

802．2 LLC Header39

Addressing Schemes40

Fast Ethernet41

Media Access Control Layer41

Media Independent Interface Layer41

100BASE-TX Physical Layer42

100BASE-FX Physical Layer43

100BASE-T4 Physical Layer43

Wiring Standard44

Network Diameter44

Repeater Classes45

Ethernet Vendor Addresses45

Token Ring Architecture45

Token Ring Operation46

Token Ring Frame Definitions48

Token Format52

Token Ring Addressing53

Token Ring Functions56

Token Ring Initialization57

Starting the Ring：The Token Claim Process58

Operation58

Frame Transmission60

Normal Repeat Mode61

Frame Reception61

Early Token Release62

Fault Isolation and Software Error Reporting62

Token Ring Monitors：Maintaining the Ring64

FDDI Architecture82

Basic FDDI Characteristics85

FDDI Timers and Frame Formats87

Connection Establishment90

Ring Initialization91

Neighbor Notification and Duplicate Address Check92

Normal Operation93

FDDI Management94

Address Summary96

Summary96

Token Ring Architecture Summary97

FDDI Architecture Summary97

Data Link Layer Study Questions98

Chapter 3 Logical Link Control Layer Issues139

MAC and LLC Layers139

LLC Type 2 Operation142

Connection-Oriented LLC2—Asynchronous Balance Mode142

Frame Formats142

SAP Addressing144

Sequencing of Data（LLC2）147

Timer Functions149

Connection-Oriented Services of the IEEE 802．2 Protocol150

Details of LLC Type 2 Operation151

LLC2 Frame Reception152

A Live Connection154

LLC Type 1 Operation159

Information Transfer159

SNAP160

Logical Link Control Layer Study Questions162

Chapter 4 Bridging and LAN Switching167

Bridging Advantages168

How Bridges Work168

MAC Bridge Frame Formats168

Transparent Bridging170

Spanning Tree Algorithm173

How STB Works175

Shaping the Spanning Tree177

Cisco Transparent Bridging Features180

Source-Route Bridging（SRB）181

How Source Routing Works182

Source Route Traffic Overhead198

Parallel Bridges and Load Balancing199

Route Determination202

Cisco Source Route Bridging202

Source Route Bridging Features202

Remote Source-Route Bridging203

DLSw+204

SRB Summary204

Source Route Transparent205

The SRT Solution205

SRT BRIDGING206

About SRT207

Source-Route Transparent Bridging Features208

Translational and Encapsulation Bridging210

Translational Bridging210

Encapsulation Bridging211

Translation from Token Ring Frames to Ethernet211

Translation from Ethernet Frames to Token Ring211

Bridging Study Questions212

Transparent Bridging212

Source-Routing Bridging214

Source Route Transparent219

Other Reference Materials222

Chapter 5 NetBIOS Architecture223

NetBIOS Names224

Naming Services225

NetBIOS General Service Commands225

What Are NetBIOS Services？225

What Is a NetBIOS Session？228

NetBIOS Datagram Services230

NBF and Sessions236

NetBEUI and the OSI Model237

LLC Sublayer237

Connectionless Traffic237

Connection-Oriented Traffic238

Adaptive Sliding Window Protocol239

Link Timers239

NetBIOS Session Timers239

NetBEUI on a Multisegmented Token Ring LAN240

Cisco NetBIOS support240

NetBIOS Broadcast Throttling241

NetBIOS Name Caching241

NetBIOS Broadcast Damping242

NetBIOS Datagram Broadcast Handling242

Broadcast Reduction242

Name Caching243

NetBIOS Cache Aging243

Statically Configured NetBIOS Names243

NetBIOS Study Questions244

Chapter 6 Working with AppleTalk249

Cisco Systems AppleTalk Routing249

Data Link and Physical Layers250

Link-Access Protocols251

Data Links251

AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol（AARP）251

AppleTalk AARP Addressing252

Network Layer254

DDP Protocol Packet Layout256

What Is an AppleTalk Network Number？258

AppleTalk Phase 1 Architecture259

AppleTalk Phase 2 Architecture259

Integrating AppleTalk Phase 1 and 2259

Transport Layer260

Routing Table Maintenance Protocol261

AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol265

Name Binding Protocol Header Descriptions267

What Is an AppleTalk Zone？271

Zone Information Protocol271

ASP Session Protocol274

Printer Access Protocol（PAP）274

AppleTalk Filing Protocol275

Presentation Layer Protocols275

Cisco Enhancements to Standard AppleTalk Services276

Security277

AppleTalk CCIE Study Questions277

Chapter 7 Working With Novell NetWare289

Building the Directory Framework289

Directory Logical Structure291

MAC291

ATM291

MAC Header292

Data Link Frames and Frame Types292

FDDI SNAP292

IPX Addressing295

NetWare Layer 3 Support295

Host Number297

Network Number297

Socket Number297

Checksum298

Length298

Transport Control298

Packet Type298

Destination Network298

Destination Host Node299

Destination Socket299

Source Network299

Novell IPX Routing Information Protocol（RIP）300

Distance-Vector Algorithms300

Source Socket300

Source Node300

Cisco IOS IPX Routing Table301

Client and Router Interaction304

IPX RIP Interval305

Multiple Routes305

IPX and Split Horizon306

IPX Static Routing306

Configurable RIP Timers306

Novell Burst Mode Architecture307

Novell Burst Mode Sequence Number307

NLSP：A Link-State Routing Protocol309

Link-State Databases312

NLSP Addressing314

NLSP Advantages315

Level 1 LSP318

NLSP Management Information320

Link-State Information321

Services Information323

External Routes Header325

IPX Level 1 Hello Packet328

CSNP Header330

Service Advertising Protocol331

SAP Header Format and Fields332

Cisco Static SAP Tables334

Cisco Configurable SAP Timers334

Service Advertising Protocol334

IPX SAP Interval334

SPX Architecture334

SPX Header Description335

Large Packets335

SPX Packet Format335

SPX Acknowledgment Packets337

SPX Connection Management Packets337

Connection Management337

Session Termination337

SPX Watchdog Algorithm337

Session Watchdog during Connection Establishment338

Windowing Algorithm338

Managing Sequence and Acknowledge Numbers338

Acknowledgments338

Extensive Error-Recovery Mechanisms338

Congestion Control Algorithm339

NetWare Core Protocol339

Window Size339

Data Packet Timeout339

NCP Header Descriptions341

NCP Function Codes341

NetBIOS over IPX342

IPX Version 1．0342

Connection Establishment344

The Shell Program345

IPX Protocol Design Worksheet348

Novell IPX PROTOCOL WORKSHEET349

Novell IPX RIP WORKSHEET350

Novell SAP WORKSHEET351

Novell IPX WAN DESIGN WORKSHEET352

NOVELL NLSP DESIGN WORKSHEET353

Novell CCIE Study Questions*354

Internet Protocol（IP）369

Chapter 8 TCP/IP Architecture Overview369

IP Datagrams371

IP Addresses374

Address Classes375

Summary of IP Address Classes376

Classless InterDomain Routing（CIDR）376

Subnetting377

Variable Length Subnet Masks（VLSM）377

IP Addressing and Subnetting Exercises378

ARP Architecture383

ARP：Frame Encapsulation383

ARP：Header Format384

Proxy ARP384

Reverse ARP384

ARP Features385

DHCP Protocol Architecture386

DHCP Scopes386

DHCP Relay386

Configuration Parameters388

Network Address Allocation389

Client-Server Protocol389

Constructing and Sending DHCP Messages397

DHCP Server Controls399

DHCP Server Behavior399

DHCP Client Behavior405

Applications and Benefits409

Managing DNS409

DHCP in a Switched Network409

Internet Control Message Protocol（ICMP）410

TCP/IP Networks Easier to Configure410

ICMP Header Format411

Echo Request（Type 8）or Echo Reply Message（Type 0）411

ICMP Encapsulation411

IP Fields412

Destination Unreachable Message413

Source Quench Message415

ICMP Fields415

Redirect Message416

IP Fields416

ICMP Fields416

Time Exceeded Message417

IP Fields417

ICMP Fields417

ICMP Fields418

Parameter Problem Message418

IP Fields418

Timestamp Request or Timestamp Reply Message419

IP Fields420

ICMP Fields420

Information Request or Information Reply Message420

IP Fields420

ICMP Fields420

Address Mask Request or Address Mask Reply Message421

TCP Protocol Overview422

Full-Duplex Operation423

Sequence Numbers423

Window Size and Buffering423

Header Format424

Round-Trip Time Estimation424

Sequence Numbers427

Initial Sequence Number Selection428

Establishing a connection428

The Communication of Urgent Information432

Managing the Window432

User Datagram Protocol（UDP）433

UDP and the ISO Model433

UDP Header Encapsulation435

NetBIOS over TCP/IP435

Interface to Application Programs436

NetBIOS Scope438

NetBIOS End-Nodes438

NetBIOS Name Server（NBNS）Nodes440

NetBIOS Support Servers440

Relationship of NetBIOS Support Servers and B Nodes441

Topologies441

Retransmission of Requests442

Requests without Responses：Demands442

Transaction ID443

TCP and UDP Foundations443

Representation of NetBIOS Names443

First Level Encoding443

Second Level Encoding444

NetBIOS Name Service444

Name Registration（Claim）444

Overview of NetBIOS Session Service445

NetBIOS Session Service445

Name Release445

Name Query（Discovery）445

Explicit Release445

Session Establishment Phase Overview446

NetBIOS Datagram Service447

NetBIOS Datagrams by B Nodes447

NetBIOS Datagrams by P and M Nodes448

Cisco s TCP/IP Options449

Access Restrictions449

Multivendor Tunneling450

IP Multicast Support450

Routing Protocol Update Suppression450

Administrative Distance450

Routing Protocol Redistribution450

Network Monitoring and Debugging451

Serverless Network Support451

Summary452

TCP/IP CCIE Study Questions452

Chapter 9 Routing Information Protocol（RIP）487

RIP Limitations488

Split Horizon490

Triggered Updates490

Route States491

UP491

GARBAGE COLLECTION491

Hold-Down491

RIPv1 Commands493

Addressing Considerations493

RIP Timers495

RIP Summary496

RIP Header Format and Fields496

Route Tag499

Subnet Mask499

Next Hop499

Queries500

Authentication500

Larger Infinity500

Security Considerations500

When Should 1 Choose RIPv1 over RIPv2？500

TCP/IP RIP Routing Protocol502

Design Checklist502

RIP Study Questions503

IGRP509

Chapter 10 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and Enhanced IGRP509

Stability Features510

Timers511

IGRP Header Format Description511

Enhanced IGRP513

Packet Types514

Neighbor Tables516

Topology Tables516

Route States516

Route Tagging517

Compatibility with IGRP517

Cisco IGRP Design Worksheet518

IGRP EIGRP Study Questions519

The Shortest-Path Tree529

Chapter 11 Open Shortest Path First529

OSPF Topology530

Area Partitioning531

OSPF Router Classes532

OSPF Network Support532

Virtual Links534

Hierarchical Routing534

Stub Areas535

OSPF Concepts535

Neighbors536

Designated Router536

Adjacency537

Dijkstra Algorithm538

Flooding538

Routing Protocol Packets539

OSPF Message Header539

The Hello Protocol542

Designated Router547

Electing the DR548

Database Description Packets549

Link State Request Packets550

Link State Update packets551

Router Link State Advertisements553

Network LSAs555

Summary LSAs556

Autonomous System External LSAs556

OSPF Routing Protocol Design Worksheet559

OSPF Study Questions560

Chapter 12 Border Gateway Protocol575

How BGP Works577

Routes：Advertisement and Storage578

Routing Information Bases579

Operational Features579

BGP Message Header Format580

OPEN Message Format580

UPDATE Message Format584

KEEPALIVE Message Format588

NOTIFICATION Message Format588

BGP Error Handling594

Connection collision detection594

BGP Version Negotiation595

BGP Finite State Machine595

Breaking Ties（Phase 2）598

Decision Process598

Phase 3：Route Dissemination599

Overlapping Routes599

Update-Send Process600

Internal Updates601

Breaking Ties（Internal Updates）601

External Updates602

Originating BGP routes603

BGP CCIE Study Questions603

Chapter 13 Data Link Switching（DLSw）613

Background613

Objective of DLSw613

Common Method for Transport of SNA over TCP/IP614

Overview of DLSw614

Transport Connection616