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1 A BRIEF HISTORY1

1.1 Prolegomenon1

1.2 In the beginning1

1.3 From the seventeenth century2

1.4 The nineteenth century5

1.5 Twentieth-century optics8

2 THE MATHEMATICS OF WAVE MOTION11

2.1 One-dimensional waves11

2.2 Harmonic waves13

2.3 Phase and phase velocity15

2.4 The complex representation17

2.5 Plane waves19

2.6 The three-dimensional differential wave equation21

2.7 Spherical waves22

2.8 Cylindrical waves24

2.9 Scalar and vector waves26

3 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY，PHOTONS，AND LIGHT30

3.1 Basic laws of electromagnetic theory30

3.2 Electromagnetic waves34

3.3 Nonconducting media37

3.4 Energy and momentum45

3.5 Radiation48

4 THE PROPAGATION OF LIGHT60

4.1 Introduction60

4.2 The laws of reflection and refraction60

4.3 The electromagnetic approach71

4.4 Familiar aspects of the interaction of light and matter89

4.5 The Stokes treatment of reflection and refraction91

4.6 Photons and the laws of reflection and refraction93

5 GEOMETRIC OPTICS—PARAXIAL THEORY99

5.1 Introductory remarks99

5.2 Lenses100

5.3 Stops116

5.4 Mirrors120

5.5 Prisms128

5.6 Fiber optics135

5.7 Optical systems138

6 MORE ON GEOMETRICAL OPTICS167

6.1 Thick lenses and lens systems167

6.2 Analytical ray tracing170

6.3 Aberrations175

7 THE SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES196

The Addition of Waves of the Same Frequency196

7.1 The algebraic method196

7.2 The complex method199

7.3 Phasor addition200

7.4 Standing waves200

The Addition of Waves of Different Frequency202

7.5 Beats202

7.6 Group velocity204

7.7 Anharmonic periodic waves—Fourier analysis205

7.8 Nonperiodic waves—Fourier integrals211

7.9 Pulses and wave packets211

7.10 Optical bandwidths214

8 POLARIZATION219

8.1 The nature of polarized light219

8.2 Polarizers225

8.3 Dichroism226

8.4 Birefringence230

8.5 Scattering and polarization239

8.6 Polarization by reflection244

8.7 Retarders246

8.8 Circular polarizers252

8.9 Polarization of polychromatic light253

8.10 Optical activity255

8.11 Induced optical effects—optical modulators260

8.12 A mathematical description of polarization266

9 INTERFERENCE276

9.1 General considerations276

9.2 Conditions for interference279

9.3 Wavefront-splitting interferometers281

9.4 Amplitude-splitting interferometers286

9.5 Dielectric films—double-beam interference294

9.6 Types and localizations of interference fringes301

9.7 Multiple-beam interference301

9.8 The Fabry-Perot interferometer307

9.9 Applications of single and multiplayer films311

9.10 Applications of interferometry316

9.11 The rotating Sagnac interferometer323

10 DIFFRACTION329

10.1 Preliminary considerations329

10.2 Fraunhofer diffraction336

10.3 Fresnel diffraction364

10.4 Kirchhoff’s scalar diffraction theory388

10.5 Boundary diffraction waves392

11 FOURIER OPTICS397

11.1 Introduction397

11.2 Fourier transforms397

11.3 Optical applications403

12 BASICS OF COHERENCE THEORY424

12.1 Introduction424

12.2 Visibility426

12.3 The mutual coherence function and the degree of coherence432

12.4 Coherence and stellar interferometry435

13 SOME ASPECTS OF THE QUANTUM NATURE OF LIGHT442

13.1 Quantum fields442

13.2 Blackbody radiation—Planck’s quantum hypothesis442

13.3 The photoelectric effect—Einstein’s photon concept444

13.4 Particles and waves448

13.5 Probability and wave optics450

13.6 Fermat，Feynman，and photons453

13.7 Absorption，emission，and scattering455

14 SUNDRY TOPICS FROM CONTEMPORARY OPTICS462

14.1 Imagery___the spatial distribution of optical information462

14.2 Lasers and laser light481

14.3 Holography490

14.4 Nonlinear optics502

Appendix 1509

Appendix 2512

Table 1514

Solutions to Selected Problems520

Bibliography544

Index of Tables550

Index551