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Chapter 1International Law and the Operations of the International Financial Institutions&Daniel D.Bradlow1

Ⅰ.Introduction1

Ⅱ.A Brief Description of the IFIs2

A.International Monetary Fund4

1.Membership and Voting4

2.Function5

3.Governance8

B.The World Bank Group9

Ⅲ.General Principles of International Law Applicable to IFIs11

A.Treaty Law12

B.Customary International Law17

C.General Principles Accepted by All Nations23

D.IFI Compliance with International Law23

Ⅳ.IFIs and the Development of International Law25

A.Policies and Procedures25

B.Accountability27

Ⅴ.Conclusion29

Chapter 2International Financial Institutions and International Law：A Third World Perspective&B.S.Chimni31

Ⅰ.Introduction31

Ⅱ.The TWAIL Approach to International Law and Institutions32

Ⅲ.Changing Role of IFIs： Interpretations of Mandates and Conditionalities35

A.Interpreting the Mandates39

B.The Interpretation of Conditionalities41

Ⅳ.IFIs and International Human Rights Law43

Ⅴ.The Accountability and Responsibility of IFIs in International Law46

A.Accountability of IFIs： The World Bank Inspection Panel48

B.ILC and Responsibility of International Organizations52

Ⅵ.Third World and the Governance of IFIs55

Ⅶ.Final Remarks60

Chapter 3Responsibility of International Financial Institutions under International Law&Eisuke Suzuki63

Ⅰ.Introduction63

Ⅱ.The Incongruity of State Responsibility， the Responsibility of International Organizations， and the Wall of Immunity of International Organizations65

Ⅲ.International Financial Institutions and International Law69

A.International Financial Institutions and the U.N.System70

B.IFIs and the Liability of Member States76

C.Internal Rules of IFIs and International Responsibility78

Ⅳ.The Rules of the IFIs regarding their Accountability under International Law80

A.Accountability or Responsibility？80

B.Analysis of Possible Claims against IFIs for their Failure to Comply with Internal Policies and Procedures83

C.The Case Study： The Samut Prakarn Wastewater Management Project88

Ⅴ.Recommendations96

A.Clarification of Policies97

B.Reconfiiguration of Authority and Control99

Ⅵ.Conclusion101

Chapter 4 International Financial Institutions before National Courts&August Reinisch and Jakob Wurm103

Ⅰ.Introduction103

Ⅱ.Applicable Legal Personality and Immunity Provisions104

Ⅲ.The Standing of IFIs to Pursue Their Rights in National Courts - The Hashim v.AMF Saga107

Ⅳ.IFIs and Their ‘Implicit’ Immunity in Employment Disputes111

Ⅴ.IFIs and Their Lack of Immunity in Borrowing and Lending Operations123

Ⅵ.Specific Circumstances Involving IFIs before National Courts128

Ⅶ.IFIs’ Involvement in Bankruptcy Proceedings129

Ⅷ.Conclusion134

Chapter 5Rethinking International Financial Institution Immunity&Steven Herz137

Ⅰ.The Public Accountability of IFIs139

Ⅱ.Immunity and Accountability153

A.The Prevailing View： ‘Functional Necessity’ as Absolute Immunity153

B.Objections to the Prevailing View157

C.Human Rights and Other International Law-based Claims161

Ⅲ.The Way Forward： Alternative Mechanisms as a Prerequisite for Immunity163

Ⅳ.Conclusion165

Chapter 6 Regulation and Resource Dependency： The Legal and Political Aspects of Structural Adjustment Programmes&Celine Tan167

Ⅰ.Introduction167

Ⅱ.Structural Adjustment from Stabilization to Debt Relief168

A.From Automaticity to Conditionality169

B.A New Landscape for Development Financing172

C.The Debt Crisis and the Entrenchment of Structural Adjustment175

Ⅲ.Legal Diversity， Political Multiplicities： The Normative Character of Structural Adjustment178

A.IMF Arrangements as Collateral Substitutes178

B.Trust Fund Arrangements and Concessional Lending181

C.The World Bank’s Policy-Based Lending184

Ⅳ.Structural Adjustment， Conditionality， and the Bretton Woods Institutions187

A.Conditionality and Policy Regulation188

B.Discretionary Control190

C.Mission Creep193

Ⅴ.Conclusion195

Chapter 7International Law and Public Participation in Policy-Making at the International Financial Institutions&David B.Hunter199

Ⅰ.Introduction199

Ⅱ.The Focus of the Policy-Making Process： Conflict over the IFIs’ Environmental and Social Standards202

A.Pressure from the Outside： Managing Conflicts with Civil Society202

B.The Outcome of the Policy Dialogue： The IFIs’ Environmental and Social Policies204

Ⅲ.The Importance of Administrative Procedures in the IFI Context209

A.The Growing Linkage between Process Rights and Development Effectiveness209

B.Procedural Fairness as a Source of Legitimacy211

C.Administrative Procedural Rights in International Law212

1.Access to Information and Transparency215

2.Public Participation217

3.Access to Justice and Accountability219

Ⅳ.The Emerging Administrative Practice of IFIs221

A.A Brief Illustration： Revising the World Bank Information Policy221

B.The Stages of the IFI Policy-Making Process223

1.Notice of Process223

2.Release of Consultation Plan224

3.Problem Defiinition and Initial Scoping225

4.Soliciting Comments on Draft Policies227

5.Response to Comments229

6.Release of Final Draft Recommendation before Decision229

7.Documentation of Decision230

8.Access to Independent Review231

Ⅴ.Next Steps： Toward Codifiication of Administrative Procedures at IFIs232

A.The Authority to Codify Administrative Procedures233

B.The Advantages of Codifiication235

C.Conclusion237

Chapter 8International Financial Institutions and Human Rights：Select Perspectives on Legal Obligations&Siobhan McInerney-Lankford239

Ⅰ.Introduction239

Ⅱ.Establishing the Context： Human Rights and Development as Interrelated Spheres241

A.Human Rights Related Practice242

B.Human Rights Principles245

C.Human Rights247

Ⅲ.Human Rights Obligations under International Law252

A.Introduction： Human Rights Obligations - The Neglected Dimension252

B.Non-treaty Sources255

C.Charter-Based Human Rights Obligations259

Ⅳ.Nature of States’ Human Rights Obligations in the Context of Development： Tackling Accountability through Treaties261

Ⅴ.State Parties’ Obligations under Human Rights Treaties as Relevant to IFIs： The Example of the ICESCR269

A.Human Rights Treaties269

B.State Parties’ Obligations under the ICESCR as Relevant to IFIs271

C.Limburg Principles274

D.Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic，Social， and Cultural Rights， Maastricht，22-26 January 1997275

E.Tilburg Guiding Principles on World Bank， IMF，and Human Rights277

Ⅵ.The Potential Role of IFIs under the ICESCR278

A.Introduction： No Obligation， But a Role？278

B.IBRD Articles of Agreement279

C.1947 Agreement between the IBRD and United Nations281

D.Role of Specialized Agencies under the ICESCR282

Ⅶ.Conclusions284

Chapter 9Indigenous Peoples and International Financial Institutions&Fergus MacKay287

Ⅰ.Introduction288

Ⅱ.IFI Policies on Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights295

A.The World Bank Group297

B.Asian Development Bank （ADB）299

C.European Bank for Reconstruction and Development （EBRD）301

D.Inter-American Development Bank （IDB）302

E.Conclusions on Current IFI Policies Regarding Human Rights302

Ⅲ.IFI Policies and the Right to Free， Prior， and Informed Consent （FPIC）303

A.Saramaka People v.Suriname307

B.Evaluation of IFI Policies against the FPIC Standard312

Ⅳ.Concluding Remarks317

Chapter 10Worker Rights and the International Financial Institutions&Jerome I.Levinson321

Ⅰ.The Beginning321

A.Other Priorities： Latin America324

B.The International Labour Organization326

Ⅱ.The Debt Crisis of the 1980s327

Ⅲ.A Change in Strategy： 1985328

Ⅳ.Rising Unemployment and Income Inequality330

A.Argentina334

B.The Aftermath of the Argentinean Experience337

Ⅴ.United States Policy338

Ⅵ.The World Trade Organization and Workers’ Rights341

Ⅶ.Conclusion342

Chapter 11International Environmental Law， the World Bank， and International Financial Institutions&Charles E.Di Leva343

Ⅰ.Introduction343

Ⅱ.Background： The Maturing of Environment within the World Bank and Other IFIs346

Ⅲ.Environmental Policies and their Role and Relationship with International Environmental Law350

A.Background to World Bank Environment-related Policies350

1.Rio Principles Related to Procedural Rights and World Bank Environmental Procedures352

a.Environmental Assessment （EA）352

b.Access to Information/Public Participation352

c.Notification for Projects with Transboundary Impacts353

d.Access to Justice355

2.Substantive ‘Environmental’ Principles356

a.Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays Principle356

b.Addressing Transboundary Movement of Harmful Substances358

c.Providing Substantive Benefiits to Indigenous Peoples358

d.Developing Effective Environmental Legislation360

e.Seeking to Remove the Gender Gap362

B.Environmental Safeguard Policies among the IFIs363

1.Inter-American Development Bank （IDB）363

2.European Bank for Reconstruction and Development（EBRD）365

3.Asian Development Bank （ADB）366

4.African Development Bank （AfDB）367

5.International Finance Corporation （IFC）368

Ⅳ.Supporting International Environmental Law through Partnerships for Sustainable Development370

A.Increasing of Financial Support for Multilateral Environmental Agreements and for Global Public Goods373

1.Climate Change374

2.Biodiversity381

3.Global Agriculture382

4.Chemicals and Hazardous Substances382

5.Implementing International Environmental Law at the Regional and National Level383

Ⅴ.Conclusion385

Conclusion： The Future of International Law and International Financial Institutions&Daniel D.Bradlow and David B.Hunter387

Index399